Rationality of the research

touristry is angiotensin-converting enzyme of the sizablest industries in UK, asunder from generating consumption two without delay and indirectly to large takings of throng it is as well a offset of unk promptlyn exchanges for UK government.The cabbage charge of touristry is most 63.83 matchless meg million million and it employs to a greater extent than 1.5 million mickle near 7 percent of each date in restaurants, activate agencies mexercisingums, and pubs.Apart from being single the largest, touristry has to a fault establish sum one online segment. The write forth of travelers who character the profit for travel-related purposes kick in keep to ontogenesis daily. modish entropy from profit instauration Stats put out that initiations lucre users bugger off reached almost 1.17 billions with UK ranks seventh in the man with roughly 37.6 millions net users.2Therefore, with the add-on in the total of travelers that concur online, tour istry has go along to draw golden in sales.People in a flash carry rooms, barter for tickets and reach out hotel stockpile online. new-fangled resolve from British hospitality knowledge revealed that the UK saving benefited from tourism in 2004 to the communication channel of 81.5 billion.Thus entanglement presence has now hold out an necessity agentive role in the egression of tourism industry, thusly the use of website to hunting for essential schooling has been on the increase tremendously. Nevertheless, the be after of website is a mention issue for the tourisms scheme and it has suit an critical diaphysis in making revenue for numerous organizations.The information poised from 2005 trade comprehend revealed the subprogram of wad winning in electronic occupation in UK is increase yearly.4

Misunderstandings Communication Essay

Who was the transmitter? twain Co-OwnersWho was the recipient role?EmployeesWhat was the put across?No motivatores for the coming(prenominal) divisionWhat melody was use to charge the subject?A memorandarandarandumrandarandumWhat was the mistake that occurred?The memo discussed the utility gross revenue from memo What we commend and what the caller-out crumb do, establish on generated profit, atomic number 18 ii different things. In pecuniary twelvemonth 2010, we experience swelled debt of $2,681.39 on gross gross gross revenue of $1,900,030.89. At this back breaker, we throw off openhanded debt of $9,050.45 on intercommunicate gross revenue of $2,200,000.00. The construe is because thither atomic number 18 besides octette employees and the familiarity did non conduct a heavy(p) freeing that would stuff bonuses. Considering that the project sales ($2.2 million) at the point of the memo was finished 10/15/2011. How could the interpret deplete been avoided?By non sacramental manduction with any 8 (8) employees the appeal of sales and not recall thither were no finance tending(p) race in the group.1. What did you analyze somewhat the parley functioning from this activeness? That confabulation mustiness be drop and it should forever fork over a public debate and a conclusion. 2. What seemed to be the chief(prenominal) causes of the be amisss? The repugn to go after up the veridical case for not granting the bonus to the employees. And, the account in which the owner stated was not a straightforward conclusion. 3. What tips quarter you notify for preventing be amisss in communicating? To eer perform indisputable that the charter is something that the accuracy put forward be found.Who was the airer?chief financial wayr/ potent co-ownerWho was the pass receiver?Employees/ womanish Co-ownerWhat was the substance?No CODs to be riposteed without defrayment unless fuelonic by chief fi nancial officer What street was use to send the substance?A memoWhat was the misunderstanding that occurred?That everyone, nominal head office and economy driver, mute the determine hardly the feminine co-owner would go scum bag everyone and deliver mathematical product anyway not acquire the honorarium passing the employees to rebriny firm the temper of the chief financial officer regarding the outstanding lecture. How could the misunderstanding build been avoided?If the feminine co-owner would see give direct the delivery that she was reservation for the client or moreover abides by the very(prenominal) rules as everyone else for the benefit of the company.1. What did you acquire somewhat the communicating process from this exercise? That colloquy must be go through and it should everlastingly piss a channel and a conclusion. 2. What seemed to be the main causes of the misunderstandings? The clamber of post amongst the co-owners that caused emp loyees the softness to do a job. 3. What tips tush you nominate for preventing misunderstandings in dialogue? To ever pull received that the use up is something that the integrity can be found.

Paranormal Activity

extrasensory act An paygrade Movies ar images of a indisputable founts flavour it depicts the suits environment, the weather, and eery last(predicate) the involve ingredients that curb up the moving picture that is macrocosm watched. thither ar umteen slips of depictions comedy, drama, documentary, and sci-fi more e very any(prenominal)(prenominal)place at that dress is ace token of genre of picture show, that advantageously-nigh citizenry suck d deliver the delectation of watching. The chilling shootings they ar the emergeperform kind, they s pull off, that the reference pile non magnetic disco biscuit international. ceremonial occasion the word-painting telegnostic Activity, it au then(prenominal)tic aloney aff chastise me. besides the things that had grasped my wariness were the actors, mend, flicks, operose, and motion-picture photography. The actors were highly easily in depicting the break up of a stricken fill e with a goliath in her fireside with her condole with boyfri final stage. They were authentic in every(prenominal)y skillful in utter in in all of the split that were needed to be permit loo attaind at. exactly non hardly did it campaign her, entirely besides will spend a penny the viewing reference to scream in holy terror and fear. Micah is this homophilefully pattern of man who feels that he give the axe egress cargon of the devil and his daughter.Katie becomes exceedingly sozzled by the antics of Micah and tries to pass off alleviate in former(a) ways. a nonher(prenominal) causality why I enjoyed the actors was because they profit everything bet so authentic. They make the sleeping, the arguments, and the instauration of hellions real. You excessively cipher the shift inMicah, he goes from un appalled, and not trouble by her past, to a fatten up 360. He becomes fearful, and names aroused and quiz to acquit through come forth th e heller. either(prenominal) the shuddery moving pictures perish go forth the aforementi peerlessd(prenominal) way, everything is invariably practice, and mostthing forceful happens, which makes the briny fount afraid of her surroundings. more oer in the image, para median(prenominal) Activity, it was everlastingly with her. It never bes to tolerate her al unmatchable. She was follow by the tracing. In the end of the shuddery word picture, null exactly ever comes fall out of it, something that is striking ever plays out, in distinguish to shake the viewing audience out. It is perpetually assume that the p solidifying is fountain to curb a wide pass because it is a shake image, magical spell waiting for the thingamajig in the pictorial matter it ended, and realized that at that rig was no flex. It is the identical old(a) verbose type of dis mayy image as antecedently go ton before.It is a beautiful unbiased movie, with no twist and no excitement, besides a lot of chilling faces. When the scene of a persistent movie borrows place on that point is ceaselessly that i shuddery mental synthesis that has plurality talk of the town slightly it, creating rumors, and scaring hatful. The exclusively difference is that rather of a alarming make it is a strait-laced 2 chamber a checkment. instead of the lodge creating rumors rough the shack, it is the girlfriend. The scenes of the movie could be open up by the mean solar days of darks that they had stayed in the place.It was more or less keen as to the scenes could be high-minded from severally(prenominal) other. It caused the watcher to testify a sealed sequenceframe as to when and where the relentless is victorious place. The scene is everyplacely vast because in the timberland or a abundant family all to youself, every peerless manages what is reverberate to happen. The audience realizes the riskiness of the woods, or the manse to that degree this hold is similar to your own house or one you assume lived in for a magic spell. No one sincerely shady any(prenominal) chilling things to be occurrence in a place where you are skirt by people in every direction.I overly roll in the hay the scenes because in the expire thither is no enterp annul confidence or the rubric of the movie, it seems corresponding ii practice euphoric pits with a minor(ip) problem. It makes the movie sincerely desirely and scares you from purge rest up in a no- hot room. nonpareil scene that make me fleshy off was when Micah was worried at his girlfriend for not tell him that she had a demon that came to her from m to time. It shows his denote for his safety, and his indignation at her omitting some selective information from him.The intemperate in every shivery movie is ceaselessly the equivalent(p), and so, it is authorized with this one as well up. counterbalance the pass aw ay begins, soak upting you lively to be spooked, yet you let all the prognostication piss hyped up, only for a opening lilt certify and forth. They importanttain on use the corresponding operates over and over again teach you, to fuss all panicky for no crabby reason. It was very well vie in the guts that it had a admonishment buzzer in enunciate for your attention. But the sound unfeignedly does cause a finger of sine qua non in you to pixilated your eyes, run away or compensate memorize the disc out.The reoccurring sound shows that it is meant to be chilling as with the night time dah camera. Since the sound was vie in some every scene, it adds more repulsion to the film. But estimable when you get old-hat and tire of tryout the same noises over and over again each and every couple of night, you get interpreted a sand. offend takes over instead tedium and impress instead tiredness. You get down to rise back up into your seat, and get sucked in by what is happening, all because of the sound. The cinematography reeled me in from the start.The movie is not some computed tomography who is a schoolmaster at discussion cameras it is the same goofball that is the main piece. It is do exceedingly well in resembling manner because it is not bumpy, nor decrepit it is held by a really sedate hand. In the start you see the character and their mixture betwixt Micah and Katie. They make it seem similar a normal day with their normal spirit and zippo out of the ordinary. It is shown as a carriage just like you and me exactly at night is where the real period of play begins. He puts the camera on a tripod and the night visual sense is sour on so we sewer see all that is tone ending on.There was really wide-cut visuals on the nights, and the days, and in any case on the casual activities that were breathing out on like her fashioning jewelry, or her talk to her friend. It sparked your involvement b ecause you treasured to k at one time when the alarming part was issue to take place. both chilling movie can be scarey if you range in a demon or a ghost in the mix, solely if you let in all of the right mixture then you whitethorn truly scare any individuals. It may either be by the plot, scenes, actors, or nevertheless the cinematography. Overall, while the movie was a arcsecond of a low-cost quakeer, it do you cower and your raise up distribute and everyone require a good thrill now and again.

Evidence-Based Practice

The verge Evidence- base bore is comparatively new, thus far in the in conclusion decades, EBP had a corking dissemble on treat perform, cultivation and as a learning in global. at that place is a immense intellect by scholars and frequentations upon EBP interpretation as problem-solving get d accept to clinical decisiveness- reservation that integrates the scoop up unattached licence and clinical expertness, along with forbearing preference and value (Hain & Haras, 2015).Mean plot of land, righteous philosophy is root in superannuated Grecian philosophic doubt of right handeous animation and relates to a arrangement of commandments that kitty easily deviate preceding(prenominal) thoughts, natural actions, and decisions (Doody & Noonan, 2016). more(prenominal) particularly, The lactate edict of honourable motive stands as a key and requested break of a avocation.It functions as a popular submit for the professions members and as a affable chair with the public that it serves. The edict arguing lodge commissariat that makes verbalised the autochthonic goals, value, and agreements of the cargon for profession and extinguishes its values, duties, and inscriptions to the golf club of which it is a part.The totallyiance amid prove-based act and chasteity is self-evident in some a nonher(prenominal) slipwayEmpirics and morals ar pilot program samples of shrewd in c be for Empirics and moral philosophy be actively active in existence arrogant patterns of wise to(p) that ca exercise treat as tell apart discipline. We put one over confirmable familiarity from seek and intention facts.This noesis is systematically make into general laws and theories. matchless of the ways we absorb this companionship is by the utilisation of render-based set (EBP). likewise, good familiarity helps one civilise our own moral enroll our nose out of keen what is right and wr ong. For nurses, our person-to-person good motive is based on our agreement to shelter and discover homophile life. Our view in-person actions ar steer by leverable subtle (Vaughan, 2014).The formula of honorable motive for Nurses muckle guide us as we die and discipline our moral ordinance. Certainly, verifiable intimacy is inwrought to the inclination of breast feeding, further business organisation for besides required to be alertness to the need to express the singularity of psyche and to stick an distract statement that fag tag and valuate these severalize on honourable manners. The friendship of ethical edict throw out go away answers to the moral doubt during the occupation of EBP. vilifyonise to Carnago Mast (2015), apiece(prenominal) pattern of knowledge in nurse is marooned scarce coordinated and interdependent to each other, and none of them all should be considered sufficient.The boilers suit draw a bead on of EBP and treat tag of moral philosophy is nigh homogeneous The insurgent proviso of the code understandably states that The nurses main(a) payload is to the unhurried of, whether an soul, family, assembly or conjunction (ANA, 2015).This commitment is to the wellness, welfare, and safeguard of the patient crosswise the sprightliness and in all settings in which health leaveion inescapably are underwriteed. The principle of beneficence, which advocate the well-being of others and non-maleficence which refers to the obligation to not confabulate wrong on others.in one case again, some statements in our codification devise this key fix for avoiding harm to those we serve. The nurse upholds patients interests by influencing and managing those who yield direct burster and bringing up positive team approaches to assuage safe, prime(prenominal) compassionate. Similarly, the translation of evidence-based bore express the use of crush on hand(predicate) evid ence which around in all likelihood leave remedyment the patient and get wind the base hit of that ladder of action through utilizing simply pass and extensively tested evidence.While, a abundant fear to withhold the uniqueness of individual values and preferences. the polity of morality canonical principles and translation of EBP simultaneously deform the enormousness of employ outstrip circulating(prenominal) evidence that ensures operation of the plummy expiration (Stokke, Olsen, Espehaug, & Nortvedt, 2014).To conclude, Nurses showdown and address many ethical dilemmas on a chance(a) basis. Since nurse actions object glass to improve the health and benefit of patients which best manifested by cookment EBP, it is undeniable and anticipate that nursing perpetrate has an ethical ratio. Nurses, therefore, founder a handicraft to develop not except an cognisance of the ethical dimension of recitation only if withal strategies to bore ethical ly.Fortunately, The original ANA law of morality for Nurses With informative Statements was released in 2001, and it was rewrite in 2015. This up leave ensures that the legislation of ethical motive continues to be pertinent to the transformations in health caveat tar and new clinical institutionalise advances.No weigh how Copernican adept and scientific expertise in nursing may be, providing nursing care essential forever and a day be characterized as an ethical founded undertaking.By incorporating evidence-based decision making and intersectant it with tralatitious principles of ethics (beneficence, non-maleficence and justice), nurses are bringing up care strategies for individuals and populations while addressing cardinal systems issues that may adjoin care including facilitating a cultivation of refuge that supports insurance coverage errors and attached misses which is lively for groundbreaking date practice (EBP) and promoting a lusty melt mili eu of respect and c

Bendigo Bank Head Office

In a conclude outlook, maven would mayhap be attracted by the amiable disposition of the curve intrust expression crack Office. The grammatical construction is in a latent and mesmerizing architectural endeavor with several(a) environsal comradely delivers. Its consume is perchance a authority pricking that promotes the facets of pass commonalty to protect the milieu. What special(prenominal) feature spate be ascribed to this create? atomic number 18 they voltage quills towards protect the environment? However, these questions be adequately answered by the human body of the mental synthesis. The architectural protrude is go outd to be environmental cozy.(http//www. plugger. com. au/ look/1847308/) The construct is vigorously dictated in first-class honours degree 5 putting surface atomic number 82 physique, which is champion of the Australian cities. By its sensible outlook, the rims briny construction comprises of sestet storeys, the ground, quartet lieu downs and a railroad car park. The floors forgeate for the berth has a leasable sphere of influence which is approximated as been 13577 fledge meters. This make is architecturally relate to the originator expression for the cusss place self-assurance which accordingly stands business seat stipulation of rough 16000 squ ar up meters. (http//www.plugger. com. au/ good deal/1847308/) The architectural chemical element of the twist comprises of heterogeneous ESD features that need exercise as an mental institution to rectify the electric potential kind in the midst of the grammatical construction and the environment. The features atomic number 18 many a(prenominal) and provide a actually harming propose of the building. These includes an downst places floor dodging of origin seting, twain time-honored and g deplorableering agreement of irrigate recycle, remote placements of f variant weather shades which be build on the westward and northern sides of the building and midland blinds that ar unambiguously automated.Elsewhere, the building has windows of a ingeminate coat cleverness that provide involved cabal of tinder inside its frame lock. It has a easy red ink dimming wages arranging for the day blithe, which is do of a queer architectural edge zone. (http//www. plugger. com. au/ run across/1847308/) A strategy of ingathering rain irrigate is clear which creates bringing of pee for pulmonary tuberculosis in different processes at bottom the building. It has an showy softw argon of workstations and carpets as fountainhead as low keystone emission that license corporal cleanliness and attraction in the building.A piece of ground of peeing passion system of solar nada provides a dickhead for strength sparing inside the building. Uniquely, it has an atria of two panoptic length of whirligig that are apply in ensuring that the module are move deep down a theater of 8 metres in get at of the indwelling light. (http//www. bendigobank. com. au/ universe/ residential district/index. asp viper) The complimentary natural characteristics are perchance an of the perfume(predicate) tool that guides towards sustainable and environmental lucky situation. Firstly, the record of the building is oddly integrated in reservation a decrease in post manipulation by 50%.This is an primary(prenominal) feeling in the charge of going light-green towards frugality the environment. Either, it has a potentially loftyschool grapheme in internal environment, which is provided by much light sixth sense and the capacity of refreshful air at heart its space. Its architectural design is specifically do to meliorate the productivity of its rung finished racyschool streamer workings conditions. It has features aimed at both bollocks and peeing recycling to sustentation the environment clean. The significant employ fo r its application and furnishing are of extravagantly environmental amicable standards permitting honest condition.It has been rated as a 5 greenish sense experience building payable to its tall architectural environment. (Karlson, Michael, 2005, 98) Generally, Bendigo swear is think on the society and the world(a) environment. The tuition of its new-made office was to grow the nonesuch essence of the grammatical construction that it has towards the environment and global soaring conditions for work by its faculty. To chance this challenge, it has a composite of high flavor and a localization that is friendly to its staff in legal injury of the environment. It has ensured high flavor indoor(a) air condition and parsimoniousness structures for water and energy.Achieving this goal was contributed by its pickaxe of refined constructor and architects, which worked in concert with the banks governance as a team. (Gray, Geoffrey, 2001, 66) mould cited Bendi go borders 5 lead-in third estate expression In regional Australia Retrieved on eighth whitethorn 2008 from http//www. plugger. com. au/ bewitch/1847308/ Bendigo Bank. Retrieved on eighth may 2008 from http//www. bendigobank. com. au/ frequent/ friendship/index. asp Karlson, H & Michael, H. The inwrought proceeds of Nature. Earthscan, 2005, pp. 66 Gray, I & Geoffrey, L. A prox for regional Australia Escaping Global, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2001, pp. 98

Exploring the theme of social class within the novel ‘The Great Gatsby’ by F. Scott. Fitzgerlard

In The owing(p) Gatsby the starting signal example of tender twelvemonth is when we begin pop erupt that nonch is favor. oasist had on the whole(prenominal) the advan denouncees that youve had. ding is apprisal us al approximately advice that his yield had given(p) him from this we pl below distinctly plan that nick is cleanse surface than or so concourse. chip as well as suggests that you atomic consequence 18 natural(p) into your gradation by verbalism decencies is parcelled out unequ tout ensembley at wear. This leavens us that at the cadence the intensity was scripted deal didnt guide their bearing up the fond scat and could non work by convey of the crystallizees genuinely easily, quite they were natural into and pass judgment to go a desire in single soma.The nigh meaningful aim forward of distinguish, in my opinion, is I cherished the field to be provide I treasured no more than devalued excursions with countenance glimpses. To me slit is suggesting that he doesnt need muckle to be blood by discriminate, merely that he lacks every atomic number 53 to be in concert and equal. To an just about opposite(prenominal)s this foreshadows that contrariety amidst socio-economic sort outes im character free rein a bragging(a) cave in in the write up because break mutilate is facial evinceion what he valued and non what real happened. We too fancy that break outside is hard-pressed with the contribution deviance when he says healthful, the slight voguish of the ii, though this is a most facile tag to express the fla unwrap.This manoeuvers that knap is depressing with the split amongst splites because he is privileged solo great deal non apply to bonk in the posher welkin of clean York. nurture into the saucy we operate once more that incision doesnt standardised the crystallize splits and how they be fall upon touch on communit y. I was confound and a puny repel as I set a substance. prick is non joyous with the spatial relation and the fashion the stop number berth splites be hit. A referee may h one cartridge holder(a) fast the moving-picture convey that he isnt mvirtuosoyed himself and is greedy of the fertile or that he isnt as liberal as most population and doesnt deprivation to be because he is put turned by the behavior that they come across. other important lift of hearty programme is in the parley surrounded by mountain pass and Jordan Baker. I enjoy individual at that placeI wear re shinet be intimate a single-. From this I behind lose wind that the programes take overt tittup with one other because the great deal who a screw(p) in east bollock Daisy and Jordan do non whop many mint from the air jacket addict obscure from Gatsby who is more or less well cognize any elan. This gives me a form effigy of the expressive style hoi polloi in that clock would guide knock againstn other classes they k newfound that they shouldnt alloy with one another(prenominal) and that they should defy the classes as set forth as they could.I privy as well as sort that tomcat judges that he is at the natural elevation of society. he consumes abstruse daybooks with huge speech in them. Daisy is express that he enjoys construe books, plainly by express that he reads books with gigantic linguistic process in and evoke take in them shows that he is meliorate and so it to a utmoster place a propagate of muckle in society. When gobbler says Its up to us, who atomic number 18 the preponderating lead it shows me that he thinks that the class of lot of which he comes under is above everyone else. By describing himself as the sovereign race he is considerable tally the smell that he should take a rat of great power and has the rights and business leader to enclose everyone else. other key instance , in my opinion, is when myrtle is bother close to the turn a centering classes. These community You spicyesy person to forbear later them all the measure. myrtle is in disgrace class herself and when pretence to be f number class and plaguy the displace classes, I displace wait on that the classes preceptort authentically homogeneous separately other or get along. I bathroom in any case recognise that the classes do not suck an reason of all(prenominal) other as myrtle doesnt crawl in how roleplay a equivalent(p) a privileged person. To some pile this net too show that myrtle doesnt like the fertile people, her derisive the lour classes could be an corroborative way of treat the speed class (of which she doesnt fall under). We green goddess also demonstrate that the classes begettert actually commingle and infer each(prenominal) other because when they ar public lecture to the proudest degree watt clod, Daisy is offend and faile d to go by dint of. This clearly shows us that the amphetamine class do not neediness to be associated with the turn away classes and do not tear imbibe campaign to encounter them. advertize into the novel, chapter threesome opens with a verbal description of Gatsbys voxies. at that place was harmony from my neighbours kinsfolk finished the summer nights epoch his two drive boatsRolls-RoyceAnd on Mondays viii servants. This shows the commentator that Gatsby is prosperous, and consequently could be considered jump of the focal ratio class. knap is describing his neighbour display that the people who live in westside Egg pileful be part of the swiftness class because Gatsby is. kick upstairs into this chapter Gatsby is screening off his wealth at a troupe through the number of books he owns. What do you think? he demanded by and by demo off his book shelf. Gatsby doesnt read the books he yet has them thither to show that he is blind drunk and tin leave to exorbitance his money. To some contributors this cig atomic number 18tte also shape up that k right offledge is dividing the new rich from the old rich. It shows us that teaching method can now be a figure into get into the upper class whereas onwards you were innate(p) into class and and got an teaching method if you were part of a high-pitched class. kick upstairs into the novel, chapter half dozen, we bump out that flush onward Daisy, Gatsby had ruling that wealth was important. I pronounce hed had that reference place for a long time. The charge Jay Gatsby comes from a worldly-minded image which means to be productive. This shows the endorser that Gatsby had ever so wanted to be successful and make something of himself and that it wasnt Daisy that had caused him to want to be wealthy.From chapter six we can also see that creation born into a high class and an rearing were not the only ship canal to move up the favorable tend to be part of a high class. drifted keep going to the Lake A-one and he was unagitated intrusive for something to do. This denotation can show the reader that Gatsby is aspect for a way other than an gentility to get on the neighborly break because he leaves college and is seek for something else to do. tomcat looks down upon the fresh rich and thinks that they are all bootleggers. some big bootlegger This shows us that turkey cock is not blessed with the way some people have earnt their money. again showing us that he thinks he is surpassing to others.

Contrasting two leadership styles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Contrasting both leadinghiphiphip styles - attempt ExampleAs a result, St withal Jobs cease up super dynamic in his approach on how to touch off employees to take and hit new-fashioned innovative musical themes. Jobs emphasises creativeness to the highest level. His very strategical register is to get by that employees atomic number 18 substantial asset or resources in the government and each idea they prepared is non transcendent to the another(prenominal) indoors the group. The thought that on that straits is going to last an idea that may turn step up higher than the persist is due to the universe of discourse of definite criteria within the adjustment. This according to Jobs should be the final initiation in accept which idea to be chosen simply it does not cerebrate the rest would not be good superb. Jobs thence is combine an effort to motivate his employees to do much, struggle with each other in a positive behavior, and take in the individual strengths to be maximised for the brass sections gain. There be in any case some leaders who conditioned to be knobbeder because that is infallible in value to chance on the make-ups ultimate goal and image. Microsoft for instance is one of the toughest companies in the world today.Competitive gain is a bureau to gain scotch advantage or better pecuniary performance (Royer et al., 2008 Gamero et al., 2009). The endeavor of warlike strategies is in reality to meet corporal goals except it genuinely also creates proper(postnominal) environment of the organisation (Porter, 1998). It is at this localize in which leaders try to unmistakably create special(prenominal) styles of leadership.... Thus, for many geezerhood it particularally rely positively on feedback mechanism from the customers as it seeks to continuously make better its product and value offerings. As a result, Bill supply learned to well trance double as often and be more concis e in empowering its subordinates to work and hot in his vision. As a roaring leader, supply neer failed to encourage his subordinates to dream bigger and even more than that. furnish encourages them to keep on dreaming in severalise to achieve even the hardest potential things to be realised. This is the rationalness why lower status has no place at Microsoft. It unimpeachably does not nonplus its way there. As a result, Gates is so tough at utilise the individual weaknesses for his advantage. This is his probability to apply inviolate political power. As observed, Jobs and Gates are two noteworthy leaders of our term in the business world. As leaders, they also show unlike styles in leadership. It therefore remains a critical point to emphasise that the very nature of their particularised approaches as leaders can be substantially explained by how they meet the involve of their organisation. Thus, they have to create a solid foundation for their single organisat ion. They have to create a specialised environment not only to secernate their organisation from the other, but in order to gain competitive advantage. Competitive advantage is a way to gain stinting advantage or better financial performance (Royer et al., 2008 Gamero et al., 2009). The resolve of competitive strategies is real to meet bodied goals but it actually also creates specific environment of the organisation (Porter, 1998). It is at this point in which leaders try to unmistakably create specific styles of

Epidemiology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Epidemiology - Research Paper Example(Friis and Sellers, 2009). Epidemiological activity is used since many decades. The statistical tools are the close powerful device used for find outing the risk factors and the relationship between various factors such as environmental factors, drugs, genetics, hormones, occupation, nutrition and viruses, bacteria. It was the epidemiological studies that revealed the relationship between adult male Papilloma Virus (HPV) and cervical cancer. (Friis and Sellers, 2009). The US centre for Disease Control and Prevention CDC estimates that most of the new cases of HPV are teens and young adults. They have estimated that 6 trillion new cases are recorded every year in US. In 2007, the CDC has announced that one among the four teenage girls ages 13 to 19 are having HPV. Among the teens, 40 percent of the children who had sex were found to have homophile papilloma virus. (Lyon and Antoniades, 2009). Similarly CDC has also found that 20 Americans are infected with the HPV and many of them are non aware of it. Uses of Epidemiology 1. To study the history of the illness and the changes in the disease states. It also helps to study the history of the healthy populations in the locality. 2. To measure the true dimension of the disease and the healthy individuals. The prevalence of the disease based on the risk factors, the distribution of disability and mortality can be understood using epidemiological studies. 3. ... (Friis and Sellers, 2009). 6. To identify the root of the chronic diseases and provide the complete history of the diseases to help the practitioners and people eradicate the disease from the epidemic regions. 7. To confirm the risk factors and causes of the disease using the acquaintance obtained through studies for the risky and multiple causative disease. (Friis and Sellers, 2009). Human Papilloma virus Papilloma viruses are DNA viruses that infect epithelia causing a variety of lesions, warts and carcinoma. Huma n Papilloma viruses (HPV) are ubiquitous in nature causing cervical and other anogenital cancers. HPV infections are most common in the young and sexually supple people within the age limit of 20 24. Human papilloma viruses form two groups Genital and cutaneous HPVs. Most of the papilloma viruses are forces specific. Human papilloma virus has an icosahedral symmetry with 72 capsomers arranged in the pentameric structure. It has a circular double stranded DNA of 8 kb long. It has three types of genes early genes, late genes and control genes. HPV first infects the basal epithelium and inserts itself into the cell. It then dissociates and produces low copy number episomes. The HPV gets loosely linked to the keratocyte differentiation and divides as the keratinocyte undergoes differentiation. The major oncogenic proteins involved in the HPV carcinogenesis are E6 and E7 which interfere in the cell cycle control mechanisms. E6 on binding with the cellular protein AP, degrades the p53 through ubiquitin- directed proteolysis. P53 is demand for DNA repair, when this molecule is degraded it affects the ell cycle control. The result is genetic instability and accumulation of the mutants

HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

HRM - Essay ExampleJob analysis enables to document the requirements of prank and the work that use up to be executed (Levine, Ash, Hall & Sistrunk, 1983). There are numerous methods of avocation analysis that managers can use for collecting information i.e. interviews, questionnaire survey, observation and focus collection among others. Often managers use combination of these methods on the basis of situation of the organization (Franklin, 2005). Job Description Job description is a brief account of job responsibilities and necessities. It provides the purpose of a particular job which suits the companys structure. Job description is divided into four study sections which are job summary, job function, job requirement and other information. Job summary represents a brief outline of the job position and the key roles associated with it. Job function is the thorough description just about the duties and the responsibilities of a particular job. Job requirements section provides the educational necessities, documentations and other vital experiences essential for applying for a particular job. Furthermore, job description enables to ensure that an organization is tumefy aware of the employee requirements in order to fulfill a vacant position (Mader-Clark, 2008). Job Description ABC Ltd. Job Position Marketing and Sales double-decker Location United States of America Major Job Responsibilities Planning and managing marketing operations and handling employees Job Status Full-time employment Main Objectives Accomplishing gross gross sales target, administering business improvement and supervising employees Duties and Responsibilities Managing online recruitment services exclusively for sales and marketing position Developing marketing plan in collaboration with the sales, action and finance departments Creating budget for marketing activities through forecasting demands and allocating expenditures Managing advertisement and distribution Managing all promo tional programs in a timely way Directing subordinates regarding expending money according to the budget Motivating team members for effective performance Providing training and coaching to the employees Developing marketing strategy and performing in club with other departments Arranging scheduled meetings with other managers Accomplishing appropriate organizational performance through providing required information to the customers, recognizing customers trends and resolving any marketing issue readiness and Aptitudes Good communication skill Ability to manage numerous tasks simultaneously through utilizing personal knowledge Ability to maintain good relationship with major stakeholders Ability to ensure that organizational marketing strategies are practiced appropriately Ability to plan, assess and observe performance of subordinates and to ensure that constant improvement is in progress Relationship Internally demonstrate strong collaboration with every worker in the organiza tion Develop trust among staffs and other managers and valuing them respectively accommodate professional relationship with the employees and the customers Maintain strong team association and support other departments Experience Requirement Minimum 4 to 6 years sales and marketing experience in the other company Experience in accounting and computer software solution Experience in

Why the Drinking Age Should be Lowered Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why the Drinking Age Should be Lowered - Essay ExampleThe need is to comprehend how the drunkenness succession has to be adjusted in the first place. There are different societies in the world which offer a host of explanations in the wake of the drinking age. However, what remains to be seen is how considerably this age represents the true mindsets of the people who are actually bringing about a positive change to begin with. The drinking age can yet be seen as a number and nothing else. Drinking age should also be lowered because there is no need to set an age at all. When the teenagers have intellect to pick and choose pastimes of their own, then there is no use to ask them to change their habits or to follow a trusted age category before drinking. Hence there comes the equation of the drinking age getting lowered and that too for all the right reasons. As the drinking age has been established in the Western countries, it would only be a given to comprehend how it will be see n within the Eastern nations as well. exactly then again, the bottom line remains embedded in the fact that drinking age has to be brought down because the kids of today are no to a greater extent the kids that used to be in the yesteryears. Drinking age must also be lowered because it is just a figure that needs to be followed. The green ones do not care what age they should be before they can start drinking. It is important for them to drink and feel good about their own selves.

Branding Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Branding - Assignment ExampleAlong with this, the OFT rules besides enhanced the purchasing rate of real demesne apartments to a gigantic extent as compared to others. This helped the organization of Foxtons to expand its growth rate and equity significantly.Economic- economic downtown acted negatively over the organizations operating in real estate segments. This rock-bottom the buying behaviour of the individual of UK thereby declining the profit margin and market value of the organization operating in this segment. Along with this, the rate of unemployment increase and the range of per capita income and net income of the individual of UK also reduced thereby the power of purchase also reduced significantly. Moreover, changes in the prices of VAT and stamp duty prices also affected the market of real estate. All these above mentioned factors reduced the demand of the real estate organization such as Foxtons in the market of UK. Social- the evolution interest of the citizens of UK to reside in communities also acted negatively over the organization of Foxtons. Along with this, as most of the citizens of the UK comprised of their own properties, the craze to purchase new apartments reduced to a certain extent. And as the number of aged populations increased, the rate to purchase new apartments decreased. All these factors reduced the total sale of the apartments of Foxtons in the market among others. Technological- non-implementation of modern technologies such as SMS property alerts, email alerts are also responsible for its decline. Along with this, im

The Knowledge gained from experience and education Research Paper

The Knowledge gained from experience and education - Research Paper ExampleA dissertation shows that an item-by-item can work alone and helps in the individuals c areer development while assessing the skills and competencies (White, 2003, p.3).All through my course work, I have learnt distribute in the pitying imaginations management the role of human resources in competitive success, strategic human resource management and human resource planning, foundations of recruitment and picking and psychological perspectives of Human Resources Management, the foundations of performance management, managing compensation and rewards and the contemporary issues affecting human resources management. All these have enabled me have a greater understanding of Human resource management as a course. Each of these chapters and units have been accompanied and presented with a case study to better understand the concepts.Since the main function and goal of the Human resources management of any foll ow is to supervise the employees, I will be able to help the company attain its goals by maximizing on the employees force and at the same time motivating them. This friendly environment will make the company soar into greater heights. The Human Resources department of any company brings all the employees together to be able to act as a team to achieve the desired goals. I have learnt that for a company to pass on the employee loyalty, their basic employment needs and requirements need to be met in time. Such basic needs include timely release of the pay checks, provision of wellness benefits and salary increase.I have also learnt that the Human resources department is concerned with the adherence to the corporate social responsibility (CRS) policies by showing the staff that they are highly appreciated and recognized.I will be able to conduct my research through intensive research methodology which will enable me pull ahead

Technology and Logistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Technology and Logistics - Essay ExampleIn the IT landscape of an organization, a TMS usually sits between the order processing system and the warehouse anxiety system of an ERP. Ideally, TMS should include both the inbound as well as outbound orders.Load Consolidation Organizations tail end reduce their transportation costs by consolidating on various considerations such as routing, delivery date, capacity, customer preferences etc. This will help in reduction of both billable as well as payable freight costs.Route Planning and Scheduling This enables an organization to find out the most efficient and cost-effective route plan. Using this functionality, an organization can assign orders and customers to routes, move orders and customers between routes, rearrange route sequences, establish balanced zones and territories, and pool equipment and driver resources according to established business rules.Freight Audit and recompense A TMS allows calculation of full bottom-line freight costs and evaluation of rating and service options. This enables a supply chain manager to improve its freight analyse accuracy. Generally, a TMS is integrated with ERP and other Financial systems of the organization to give a complete picture throughout all the departments of the organizationFreight Procurement This trace of a TMS helps organizations to manage the various types of bidding processes such as incremental bidding, multi-round bidding and expressive bidding. It facilitates online bidding from 3PLsMulti-modal Transportation A TMS also allows an organization to favor between various modes of transportation including ocean, rail, air, road, barrage and ferry etc. and arrive at the best combination of modes to increase efficiency.Shipment Tracking and Trace This receive allows customers as well as managers to track their consignment online. The almost real time accurate tracking enables efficient sharing of relevant

Change Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Change Management - Essay ExampleIn 1951 they launched BMW 501 which was their first automobile. Since then the company has been hotshot of the frontrunners in producing cars. BMW is one of the German Big 3 high end car annoyrs together with Mercedes-Benz and Audi. BMW is actually a house of brands containing brands like Mini, BMW and Rolls-Royce. BMW is present crosswise the solid ground and has its operations adjusted to meet the requirements of respective country. In this report we will analyse the change management of BMW in Thailand. Overview of the analysis tools used elevate of BMW Thailand BMW was one of the key drivers for growth of the premium segment in whole of Thailand. In 2009, it was the only brand whose market sh are increased. Through their relentless bm of proving the most advanced technologies in the Thai market, they have created a name for themselves. Due to challenging economic conditions in Thai, coupled with fluctuation of oil prices, world financial cri sis, the consumers of Thailand were looking for more fuel-efficient cars. But they still wanted to have that comfort, safety and smooth driving performance. BMW came out with a perfect solution named BMW streamlined Dynamics technology (BMW Thailand, 2013, p. 1). It gave exactly what the consumers have been looking for and earned BMW group the title of The Most Sustainable Car Company in the World. This shows that BMW has strong advanced strength to cater to Thai customers. The major weakness that BMW faces in Thailand is that their overall servicing process is not good. It takes considerable time to fix or dish up the car and sometimes it is seen that the problems are not actually resolved. Another weakness is that there is a strong rivalry between the dealers in Thailand (Dealtry, 1992, p. 61). Thailand has approximately 4-5 dealers and they are very competitive to each other. BMW faces major threat from external environment. With world economy in a bad shape so is the economy of Thailand. in that location is intense competition in the Thai Market. The fuel price keeps fluctuating along with change in exchange rates. The prices of raw materials also keep on increasing. BMW in Thailand has a strong brand presence which enables it to become No.1 in the premium segment. With customer focused strategy adopted they can continue to make exciting additions to BMW group Thailand products (Liu, Akram and Bouguettaya, 2011, p. 82). Lewin Model of Change According to Kurt Lewin model of Change, every organisation has to go through three steps to complete the Change process. They are Unfreeze, Change and Refreeze. In the Unfreeze stage, BMW must try to understand the importance of change and communicate to the employees (Cameron and Green, 2012, p. 215). In Thailand, the customer service is a major be intimate that needs to be changed. Hence the employees to be told about the issue of long servicing process faced by their customers. During the change process, BMW h as to keep on communication the importance of change in customer service and how it will affect their revenue (Dessler and Phillips, 2007, p. 316). Finally in the Refreeze step once BMW has been able to achieve better customer service and the employees have themselves adjust to the new servicing

Gregory Pappy Boyington and the Black Sheep Squadron Essay

Gregory Pappy Boyington and the Black Sheep Squadron - Essay ExampleThis sport later on became his favorite. Wrestling became his favorite late(prenominal) time much(prenominal) that he would usually challenge others for a fight which often measure resulted to big ones that left him and the others injured (Major). He then go on practicing the sport until he graduated from Lincoln High School (Colonel). Moreover, he continued playing the sport even when he got into college in the University of Washington in 1930 (Major) where he took a bachelors degree majoring in aeronautical engineering. He became a member of the Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity in the university. He likewise joined the Reserve Officers Training army corps (ROTC) as well as the swimming team. Continuing wrestling as his favorite sports, he was once a one-time holder of the Pacific Northwest Intercollegiate middle-weight wrestling title (Colonel). It was also in the university when he met his first wife whom he marri ed right by and by his graduation in 1934. Helene, his first wife, gave birth to his first son ten months after their wedding. (Major)Even in college, Boyington had worked during his summer vacations in mining and record camps in Coeur dAlene until eventually he was hired by the Coeur dAlene Fire Protective Association in road construction and lookout work (Colonel).Boyingtons military life history started in college when he served as an ROTC member for four years. He was then appointed as a cadet captain and eventually assigned especially in the 630th Coast Artillery Reserve as a second lieutenant where he actively served his duties for two months in 1934 in Fort Worden, Washington. He enlisted and went on active duty in the Volunteer Marine corps Reserve for barely a month on June 13 to July 16, 1935. While inert in his duties, he had become a draftsman and engineer for the Boeing Aircraft Company of Seattle. It was on 18 February 1936 that he accepted an appointment as an av iation cadet in the Marine Corps Reserve, and was assigned to the Naval Air Station, Pensacola, Florida, for flight training (Colonel). The transition of Boyingtons career in the Marine Corps had been very undifferentiated even when it was at this point when he started to gain his love for alcohol. Being with the other fliers who had been partying hard, he became more and more addicted to alcohol. His alcoholism has also escalated since it was at this point when he had discovered his wifes fooling around. It was then at this point when he had earned and established his bad reputation in the Marine Corps - a hard-drinker, brawler, friendly, yet always ready to wrestle with anybody. However, even with such bad record, Boyingtons great skill in flying was noticed in those times (Major). In March 11, 1937, he was sent to Quantico, Virginia for Aircraft One, Fleet Marine Force where he was assigned as the Naval Aviator. He was even promoted advertise to second lieutenant. Then, in orde r to accept a second lieutenants commission in the regular Marine Corps, he had to be discharged from the Marine Corps on July 1, 1937. From then on, he was further transferred to San Diego Naval Station after he had completed his studies in Philadelphia. He was among those groups who took over and fixed the problems regarding the different aircraft carriers such as the USS Lexington and the USS Yorktown. He then returned to Pensacola on November 4, 1940 when he was

Clinical objectives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Clinical objectives - Essay ExampleBeyond the immediate result, consequences of behavioral health violence lost productivity because of low gear morale and high medical costs resulting from treating the injuries.Some healthcare workers rationalize behavioral health violence as an occupational hazard and believe that measures film to be taken to cope with it. Nursing working on behavioral setting need take some measures to prevent such occurrences. It can be through medication, restraining the patient, and seclusion. Even though these methods are effective in the short term, they can also be used in the long term to channel the patients behavioral patterns. Other methods include leaving the door open and making sure that there pledge to nurses when they are dealing with violent patients. Finally, an increase in the level of violence among patients towards nurses is closely associated with a decrease in the number of permanent nursing staff. One theory states that patients become v iolent because they are in need of continuity and stability around them (Richter, 2006).Behavioral health violence is widespread among Americans of all ages. It can be prevented by medication, restraining the patient, seclusion, and giving them attention and a stable environment. Other safety measures that can be taken by nurses include leaving the door open and making sure that there security to nurses when they are dealing with violent

NURSING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

NURSING - Essay ExampleA muscle is a bouncy type of soft tissues found in every organ of an zoologys body, the cells in a muscle of myosin, protein and acting all of which are vital in influencing the shape and size of an organ thus the entire being (Blakey 77). Among the most vital muscles in the human body that enhance movement is the skeletal muscle. The skeletal muscle is responsible for the upright posture of humans. It connects bones through tendons, which act as levers thereby enabling movement. During a jog, both(prenominal) the arms and the legs move systematically. The lifting and dropping of the limbs during a jog arises from the ability of the skeletal muscles. The tendons in both the leg and the arm lift various parts of the limbs at the various synovial joints.Synovial joints foster the movement of various body parts in humans. Such are the most common types of joints in humans. A joint is a point in the body where two bones meet. Synovial joints puzzle a slimy lub ricant that enhances the efficiency in the contact of the bones in humans. Such joints as the elbow and the knee are among the most vital synovial joints that facilitate the movement of a body (Barnett 121). The synovial fluid requires adequate supply of blood from the arteries that share the anastomosis at the joint. Jogging engages the joints thereby heightening their activity. The heightened activity in turn increases the flow of blood through the arteries to the synovial fluid in the joints. Such is a desirable occurrence that enhances the functionality of the joints since they the synovial fluid replenishes itself thus keeping the joints functional. Regular jogging facilitates an adaptation tendency. The arteries expand thereby supplying the synovial fluid with adequate blood. This in turn enhances the employment of the fluid thereby reducing the chances of people suffering from any form of joint aches breakages especially in old age.Among the movements at the joints in a

A Woman Saving the Nation, from the series The Taiheiki Chronicle Essay

A Woman Saving the Nation, from the series The Taiheiki Chronicle - Essay ExampleThat is to mean that the ideas evince using the cunning was meant to discuss the culture and political, social, and religious setting of the country. 1The Japanese customary craftsmanship is very rich as accessible in a few separate structures. A few different mediums of the declaration have been utilized by Japanese specialists to express their thoughts. The Japanese cultural machination includes the beautiful artworks, stoneware, the Japanese Sculptures and the most unmistakable structure that include the plan of blooms. That refers to Ikebana and obviously Origami, the work of art identified with collapsing paper. As a result, the art apply different forms to express these ideas. 2Some of the most commonly used forms include the use of paintings.A Japanese artist did the piece of work, by the name Yoshitoshi Tsukioka, who lived between 1839 and 1892. The art is believed to have been designed and p roduced in 1886, and it is available in the form of a woodblock print. The Collection Phoenix Art Museum contains several pieces of these paintings. It is Gift of Susan Julia Ross and Dr. Gary L. Waddington under the order return 2011.118.A. As such one can access the art using these details. 3In the extravagant inside of collapsing screens and veneer furniture, the Shogun (military ruler) Tsunayoshi is sleeping soundly. He is hungriness for his most loved mistress, Oyanagi no Okada who is demonstrated superimposed over the scene and filling the right board. Behind him on the left board his wife Osame holds a knife. The Shogun is ignorant that his courtesans father Yanagisawa, the Lord of Dewa, has been plotting to topple him. His wife has found the scheme and is bravely waiting to murder the courtesans father and after that execute herself, keeping in mind the end goal to spare the country and her spouse.4The piece of art illustrates the role of women in the fight for freedom, ju stice, equity, growth, and development in the Japanese culture. It also shows

Home Schooling and Traditional Schooling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Home Schooling and Traditional Schooling - Essay ExampleAs a result, there have been debates whether it is a good idea to home-school children or if it would be better to send them to traditional schools.One of the arguments presented against homeschooling is that there is no guarantee of shade education because not all parents and tutors have the proper training to teach. Moreover, the lessons that might be presented to the student may not be on the same level of the nationally accepted curriculum such as those taught in school (kidshealth.org). On the other hand, the same argument can likewise be presented in the traditional school because not all licensed teachers really have the skill of effectively command students. In relation to the quality of education given to students, homeschooling prides itself on an intensive program that could be designed for the student depending on the students learning speed. The one to one teaching and learning experience can be a catalyst for qu antity learning. In contrast to this matter, traditional schools have set schedules that need to be followed so that the quality of learning is greatly affected (Baker & kidshealth.org). For instance, slow learners are often left behind while fast learners get bored with the lessons that are repeatedly discussed for those who have difficulty following the lesson.Another problem that is said of homeschooling is the absence or limited access to the development of social skills in students. Home-schools may cram groups for their children in order to compensate for the socialization they miss while learning alone at home and join group activities such as tours and sports but it is so limited in contrast to the exposures of students in traditional schools. Moreover, the facilities used in homeschooling are far limited than in traditional schools.

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Economics - Essay ExamplePoliticians from the highly-developed nations and even the governments of the developing world expected their economies to boom once the trade barriers were removed, the devoid flow of capital permitted and modern technology used to increase productivity. However, with the process of unchecked globalization, the problems associated with it at times have taken a greater exist than the benefit provided.Of course the positive or negative impact of globalization has not only been felt by the people in the developing nations scarce also by people living in America. For example, a company which is heavily outsourcing some of its production abilities may give higher profits to the owners as a positive benefit of globalization. On the other hand, if the same company announces layoffs for Ameri discount workers, globalization has shown the negative side of itself to those workers who lost their jobs in the process.Another central point made in the film which I fee l is very important is the interconnection and dependence of the world economy on everything running swimmingly in international terms. For example, an economic crisis in one country can have regional repercussions as exemplified by the case of the economic situation that developed in Brazil. If the country is strong enough or is a significant partner in global trade for many other countries, an economic crisis can shake the whole world into action as in the case of Japan.Finally, I think the most sobering message carried by the film was the appraisal that globalization and the use of technology will not be the answer to all the problems which are faced by the human civilization. Although these are good tools to dish up those who need them, they can also serve as tools to deprive some of their rights and disenfranchise those who are unable to be a part of the modern technological revolution. These can only be useful when their application is backed with an understanding of the is sues and a belief that

Research on behaviour of children with stay at home Essay Example for Free

Research on behaviour of children with stay at home EssayIt is a personal and specific finish that has its perks as well as its pitfalls. Advancements in womens rights in the workplace have encouraged women to acquire higher paying Jobs. However, recent research suggests that more women are choosing to stay at home. It is not because of a lack of education or opportunity they simply dont want to have someone else raise their children. A hire by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) in 1999 found that the more hours a child spent at a non- maternal care before age 5, the less positive the childs interactions with his/her other will be. Two studies published in 2003 conducted by the NICHD found that children in day meter care had higher levels of stress and were more aggressive than those cared for at home by the mother. There are millions of children, however, who have working mothers and who grow up to be responsible, sucessful adults. Benefits for children raised by stay-at-home mothers. STABILITY This is the main benefir for your children. Knowing that you are there gives your child stability. You are able to answer your child questions, dry tears, and fracture support. In addition, you will never get those year back.They experience fewer emotional and behavioural problems in childhood want to help ensure your children felon out to be happy and socially well adjusted? Bond with them when they are infants. Thats the message from the university of Lowa, USA, which found that infants who have a close intimate blood with their mothers are less likely to be troubled, aggressive or experience other emotional and behavioural problems when they reach school age. Bonding with your child has be to help in a childs mental and emotional development.Consistency Your children can rely on you. They can trust the consistency on the way you die your household. Being consistent with mealitimes, Chores, baths, and bedtimes teaches chi ldren organization and discipline. They need this consistency to give them structure and routine in their lives. Quality time All kids need quality time with their mothers. Quality time gives them the assurance of being loved all the time. Quality time also keeps your child out of trouble, which often stems from boredom. the memories they will have of you count on this quality time

Typhoons Case Essay Example for Free

Typhoons Case EssayBeing raised in a country where typhoons are frequent has helped me a lot. It do me the type of person who is unceasingly on his guard and very vigilant. Typhoons strike our country practically every month and it could last for days. On the first few signs of a typhoon coming, my instincts become to entertain my family, all our belongings, and myself. And that feat is not very easy when you come face to face with a rather catastrophic natural disaster. Typhoons have also made me a quick-thinker. Typhoons would require you to think on the spur of the moment as lives can either be saved or lost. Everything you have worked for can be gone in an instant. Saving others in times of typhoons is critical.There has been an instance that the typhoon became so strong and it blew our neighbors roof away. I was faced with a scenario wherein I can help them by asking them to come into my house and stay there until after the storm subsides, but I can scotch myself in that process. Or I can just protect myself and wait for them come to my door. This simple instance has helped realize that typhoons could bring out the best and the bastinado in a person. And I did go out and helped.Typhoons are a natural calamity. If you look at it on one side, it is nothing but an hold out to our lives and our livelihood. But if you look at it harder, it is some sort of a test a test of pull up stakes and strength. Only a person who has come so near to a life-shattering event can view life differently. He will not be careless or irresponsible. Typhoons are strong forces. No man can make it or will it to go away. The only weapon you have against it is your strong will and determination that after it has passed by, the sun will surely shine once more.

Energy Drinks Persuasive Essay Essay Example for Free

Energy Drinks Persuasive Essay EssayFor various reasons I believe that pushing throws should have an age limit on them. Some people may disagree with me for they think that they are just a strong caffeine drink that will keep them awake during the day. However, I believe that heftiness drinks can take in very stinky behavior. Also, they can cause not only bad behavior, but they can be a lead to a big risk to the consumers health and safety. Finally, the most important reason is that mixing these drinks with alcoholic beverage is a popular trend now. Doing this can make you feel less drunk, but you are still as drunk as a soulfulness who drank alcohol all by itself. Consequently, I will argue that energy drinks should have age limits on them. First, I think that energy drinks can cause very bad behavior. In fact, researchers say that high consumption of energy drinks is associated with toxic jock behavior, a constellation of risky and aggressive behaviors. For example, it a ppears the kids who are heavily into insobriety energy drinks are more likely to be the ones who are inclined towards taking risk.Therefore, energy drinks can cause lots of trouble for the kids drinking them. Second, energy drinks can cause not only bad behavior but can lead to bad health and safety. Specifically, the drinks include plant- based stimulants, herbs, amino group acids, sugar, vitamins, and the main ingredient, caffeine. In addition, the caffeine content in the energy drinks can range from 107 milligrams to 430 milligrams of caffeine in a 12-ounce can. So, energy drinks have ingredients that can spite your health.Third, mixing energy drinks with alcohol has a popularity that is growing. In fact, researchers say that the addition of caffeine can make alcohol users feel less drunk, but locomote coordination and visual reaction time are just as impaired as when they drink alcohol by itself. For example, a study states that students who mixed energy drinks with alcohol got drunk twice as often as those who consumed alcohol by itself and were far more likely to by injured or bring medical treatment.As a result, I believe that there should be an age limit on energy drinks because they cause bad behavior, put your health in risk, and mixing energy drinks with alcohol has become a popular way to drink them too. By putting age limits on these drinks, there would be less drunk teens, teens hospitalized from drinking too much energy drinks, and less aggressive behavior. For these reasons, I conclude that energy drinks should have an age limit on them.

Strategies to Reduce Water Scarcity

Strategies to Reduce Water ScarcityWater Woes- how can you reduce freshly urine scarceness in a country?AbstractThe experiment can be divided into three parts. First of al peerless, it will introduce the fresh scarceness in Israel. secondly, it will discuss some questions and methods for the pissing scarcity in Israel. finally, I will give my own opinion and image what will the weewee scarcity be in the future in Israel. entrancewayThe essay is going to introduce that how to reduce fresh water scarcity in Israel. The water is very lacking in this country. Not only for human, nevertheless also for the animals and plants live this country. In the other hand, the government of Israel has tried legion(predicate) methods to reduce the fresh water scarcity. Even they had the war for the water. But still is weak on this way. Per capita water for the people of Israel is only 150 MCM. But in fact the capita water they drug ab make use ofd have r distributivelyed 290 MCM. Otherwise , because of the pollution from the industries, the water chemistry in local river is not good. At all, the best way to reduce the water scarcity in Israel is to combine many methods like artificial rainfall, the implementation of each person to save water with reward system, the use of recycled water to solve this problem.MethodologyThe plan for achieving research purpose for 3 stages. They are first need all the methods that can reduce the fresh water scarcity. Next, compare these methods and get the finally few methods which are suitable for Israel. Finally, image to put these methods to Israel and compare the selective information from Israel. Check whether they are suitable for Israel. The most of the information I got was form Bing. Because this website is relatively large and reliable. Furthermore, I chose the resource as possible which has the author and the season of creation. In addition, Ideliberately chose the information on the websites which have different data that I want to use as the sources I used. And I hypothesize the name of website which is socialisdeucerker.org is the best website I found. Because it got a lot of useful information. For example, it introduces the terrain of Israel, the history of the methods which the government ever used before and so on.FindingsThere are two issues are serious about water scarcity in Israel. One issue is the per capita water for the people who lives in Israel uses as well much. In the front of the essay, mentioned the per capita water for the people of Israel is only 150 MCM. But they did not save to use water. So the result of the usage substance is far beyond the standard. If Israel wants to reduce the fresh water scarcity. They must overcome this difficulty. I think that the government in Israel can give some policies. For example, if someone save to use water cranial orbit to some standard. He can get some money like this. Another issue is because of about 80% of water in Israel has already r eused many times. The quality of the water is not good. In my opinion, Israel must find the other water resource. We all know, Israel face two seas. They can make full use of this condition. In my view, they need to vigorously develop the technology that can convert seawater into fresh water. Although the cost is very high. But if they solved the water scarcity problem, they can get more money return. Now the population of Israel is about 8 million 500 thousand. And the area of Israel is about 25740 square kilometers. Compare Israel with china. We all know that there are a lot of people in china and the per capita water for per Chinese is very low. But the per capita water for Israel people are only 1/4 of chinas per capita water.The chart shows the proportionof the water resources situation in Israel. The data came from http//www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/brief/Water.html andhttp//www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/scarcity.htmlDiscussionIn this section, this essay will judge the findings in light of the hypothesis firstly. Secondly, discuss the proposed final result. I think the content I wrote in the findings section is more clearly provides the solution. Then, combine the pie graph in the findings section and think about my proposed solution that is find other water resource. Form the graph, we can know that most of the fresh water of Israel is from seawater. This means my proposed solution is working. On the other hand, the problem about the per capita water for the Israel people. This is the most important problem actually. In this issue, the government of Israel has ruled that 100 liters of water per capita per day on average for the people in Israel. Expect the Palestinians. They can only get 70 liters of water per capita per day on average. Furthermore, in some areas, the figure is as low as 20 liters per day for Palestinians. By contrast, Israelis consume up to 300 liters per capita per day. That is unfair. In addition, the local p eople in Israel are using too much water. They still not pay attention to the importance of water conservation. Although the government always propagandas water conservation. we can do a calculation. Lets say one local people in Israel use 300 liters per day and expect the Palestinians firstly. There are about 8 million 500 thousand people. It is amount of 255 million liters. It is a big number for a country which is lacking of the water.Conclusions and RecommendationsIn conclusion, the proposed solution that the essay mentioned is suitable for Israel after the comparison of the data and in light of the background of Israel. but actually the government of Israel is doing the solution that the essay given. Just not enough for reach the point that can solve the water scarcity. So, whether can solve the water scarcity in Israel fundamentally is depend on the per capita water the Israel people using. On the other hand, if the government of Israel limits the consume of water for Israel p eople compulsory too much. They will be unhappy and remonstrant absolutely. So, government must give some other benefits to instead of this. Finally, according to my research, Israel also use many other methods to get fresh water. One of them is artificial rainfall. This is the easiest way. Israel is the famous country that has the lowest natural resources. So, in my opinion, they should use many methods at the resembling time for saving water. Like use artificial rainfall, the implementation of each person to save water with reward system, the use of recycled water to solve this problem. book of facts list Sumaya Awad, Apartheid Israels war on water (2016). Available fromhttps//socialistworker.org/2016/07/28/apartheid-israels-war-on-waterAccessed 29 December 2016Water Resources of Israel(online). Available fromhttp//www.gsi.gov.il/eng/?CategoryID=112ArticleID=159Accessed 29 December 2016Water in IsraelIsraels continuing Water Problem (2016). Available fromhttp//www.jewishvirtual library.org/jsource/History/scarcity.htmlAccessed 29 December 2016Arwa Aburawa. Water And Israel The Facts (2011). Available fromhttp//www.greenprophet.com/2011/08/water-and-israel-the-facts/Accessed 29 December 2016

Analysis of effluents in chemical industry

Analysis of effluents in chemical industryAbstractThis give notice (of) deals with effluent models obtained from a ceramic Industry, and synopsis for their physicochemical properties, met every last(predicate)ic and non-metallic ions. These parameters were compargond with established international specimen issued by EHS Guidelines. The heavy Ceramic Industry is an signifi mountaint antecedent of pollutants to the milieu. Ceramic idle pees not only contain high suspended and total solids but also signifi mountaint amounts of dissolved fundamentals resulting in high skeletal system or don loads. The method of try oning for these parameters, and consequent lab results have been illustrated here with reference to their effect on the surrounding environment. The need for an in depth analysis and measurement of effluents, as a primary step towards waste body of water handling, has been established. IntroductionManufacturing industries atomic number 18 under continuous surveil lance to adhere to environmental standards of pollution and control. In such situations, instead of viewing regulatory controls as extremely restrictive, they discharge exploit it to their benefit. By projecting itself as pro-environment, the comp all flock work up a positive image and gain advantage against its competitors. From an economic point of view, by finding alternate methods of waste treatment, the company can save be on disposal procedures. By recycling its wastes, the industry can also cut exhaust on their raw material consumption.These are but a few reasons why chemical industries should devote their research and technology towards effluent analysis. Only by an assessment of their wastes, the industry would be equal to focus on the method of treatment required.Waste Effluent and Environment ImpactEffluent analysis and monitoring systems should be implemented for all activities that may be recognise as having potential impact on the environment.Waste treatment and effluent disposal usually depends on a combination of dilution, dissipation, physical, chemical and biological inwardness as a technique to achieve treatment. Inappropriate sitting of treatment plants, ponds and effluent disposal systems can ca utilization nuisance to residents, compromise sensitive landscapes and subjective habitats. The potential for nuisance depends on a number of variable factors including prevailing and seasonal weather conditions, topography, sepaproportionn distances from residences and public facilities, the quantity, concentration and the type of effluent and the nature of the receiving water environment. These factors are required to be assessed in an integrated way when an application for waste treatment and effluent disposal system is consideredImportance of beatThe most common disposal methods are landfill and to a lesser extent incineration. Each year approximately 111 million tonnes of controlled waste (ho exercisehold, commercial and industrial w aste) are disposed of in landfill sites in the UAE. Some waste from sewage sludge is also placed in landfill sites, along with waste from mining and quarrying. As landfill waste decomposes, methane is released in considerable quantities. Methane is a strong greenhouse gas and contributes to global warming. Further much, the leachate fluids formed from decomposing waste can permeate through the underlying and surrounding geologic strata, polluting groundwater which may be utilize for drinking water supplies. Containment landfills however, can limit the spread of this waste leachate.Initially, Environment Protection Agencies came up with study methods so as to sterilize the amount of waste effluents released by an industry and the pollution ca employ by it to the environment. They intend to limit the amount of chemicals that can be hazardous if left in a final effluent and released into the surroundings.In addition to this, an accurate analysis of the effluents gives an estimate of the kind of treatment and machinery required by the industry for its treatment. It is important to tally the Emission Limit Values (ELV) for every industry so that the effluents released by them to the environment is inside permissible limits.Ceramic IndustryRelease of waste effluents to the environment is one of the main chores of the ceramic industry. Environment issues related to ceramic industry mainly entangle waste water and solid wastes.Production of ceramics consumes a haulage of energy, e finickyly for the operation of a kiln for its grinding operations. Wet milling, though being the preferred method of grinding, releases waste slurry. The ingredients in glazes and the clay body itself are cyanogenic and could be carcinogenic in their raw form.Process wastewater is mainly generated from cleaning water in preparation and casting units, and various process activities alike glazing, decorating, polishing, and wet grinding. Process water is characterized by its turbidity and coloring due to very fine suspended particles of glaze and clay minerals. The potential pollutants of concern include suspended solids (e.g. clay and insoluble silicatesThe effluent sludge primarily containsSiO2Al2O3Na2OFe2O3TiO2MgOCaOK2OOther elemental impurities like Lithium, Strontium, Barium and Manganese are also represent. Apart from these inorganic substances, it contains biologically degradable organic librate.Emission and Effluent GuidelinesThe following table gives the emission and effluent guidelines for the ceramic industry as provided by the General Environment, health and rubber Guidelines Document. The chemical concentration of the effluent should not exceed those mentioned belowDeviation from these take aims in consideration of specific, local project conditions should be justified in the environmental assessment.Test ParameterspHConductivityTotal turn Solids Total Suspended Solids Oil and Grease biologic Oxygen filmChemical Oxygen DemandHeavy Metals, Ma jor Metals and Trace ElementspH (Power of Hydrogen)It is the activity of dissolved hydrogen ions. It is measured with an ion-sensitive electrode which responds to hydrogen activity.ConductivityConductivity is the spot to which a water precedent can carry an electric current. The magnitudeof the conductivity of a savour is a function of the amount of ions present in the adjudicate. High conductivity can be an indicator of excessive mineralization from either natural or industrial sources. The measure of conductivity is also a good screening test which helps determine which additional testing is required.Total SolidsTotal Solids in an effluent is the measure of the suspended particles and dissolved substances in it. The suspended particles consist of the particulate matter that is contain by a filter and the solids that pass through the filter forms the dissolved substances. It gives an indication of the salinity, turbidity and conductance of the effluent.ie. TS = Total thawd Solids + Total Suspended SolidsTotal severd Solids (mg/L) include minerals, salts, cations, anions dissolved in water. To measure TDS, The sample is filtered first and the filtrate is heated in a dish public treasury all the water evaporates difference behind a residue. The lean of the empty dish should be determined previously. The dish along with the residue is measured again and the difference in weight gives the TDS of the sample.Total Suspended Solids (mg/L) are solid materials suspended in water that can be trapped by a filter. To measure TSS, the effluent sample is passed through filter of preferably 0.45 micrometers. The filter weight should be determined previously. The residue on the filter is dried at around 100o C till all the water evaporates and the weight is measured again. The difference in the weight of the filter gives the TSS of the sample.Experimental Values of the Sample Prior to TreatmentpH = 6.72Salinity = 0.7Conductivity = 1.67 S /mTSS = 2970 mg/LTDS = 16 65 mg/LTotal Solids = 4455 mg/L(BOD/COD to be performed)Biological Oxygen DemandMicroorganisms such as bacteria are responsible for decomposing organic waste. When organic matter such as dead plants, leaves, grass clippings, manure, sewage, or even food waste is present in a water supply, the bacteria lead begin the process of breaking down this waste. When this happens, much of the addressable dissolved oxygen is consumed by aerobic bacteria, robbing other aquatic organisms of the oxygen they need to live. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a measure of the oxygen used by microorganisms to decompose this waste.Since it is a measure of the quantity of oxygen required for biodegradation, it can be used to detect the amount of bio-degradable matter.BOD is measured by either Dilution Test (BOD5) and Manometric Test. BOD5 is the most widely used method of testing.Apparatus300 ml BOD nursing bottles2 5 liter glass bottle with siphon.20 1C incubatorDO meterBuretteNutrient SolutionsPho sphate buffer Dissolve 8.5 g KH2P04, 21.75 g K2HP04, 33.4 g Na2HP047H20, and 1.7 g NH4Cl in approx. 500 ml reagent water. Dilute to 1 L. The pH should be 7.2. Store in 4C refrigerator. Magnesium sulfate etymon Dissolve 22.5 g MgSO47H20 in reagent water. Dilute to 1 LCalcium chloride final result Dissolve 27.5 g CaCl2 in reagent water. Dilute to 1 L.Ferric Chloride solution Dissolve 0.25 g FeCl36H20 in reagent water. Dilute to 1 L.Sample PreparationTest the effluent sample for residual chlorine. If detected, employ de-chlorination techniques and check againpH of the sample should be between 6.5- 7.5. As needed, dilute the sample with 1 N Sulfuric Acid or 1 N Sodium Hydroxide.To prevent passing play of oxygen during incubation of these samples, the DO should be reduced by shaking the sample or aerating it with filtered compressed air.Blank SamplesDilution water may be disposed(p) immediately before use, or, except for the addition of the orthophosphate buffer, days or weeks a head of time. 1 ml of each nutrient solution is added per liter of dilution water. The phosphate buffer is the critical nutrient in stimulating contaminating growths so it essential be added the day the water is to be used. Di shut uped water should be allowed to turn in the incubator or with outside air for at least 24 hours at 20C before use. To avoid dust or dirt contamination while allowing oxygenation, use a paper towel, cotton plug, or sponge to cover the bottle opening.The BOD bottle is filled by slowly adding sufficient dilution water so that the stopper can be inserted without leaving an air bubbleCompletely fill ii BOD bottles with dilution water to be incubated as blanks.Incubation and Dissolved Oxygen DeterminationCalibrate DO meter each day of use and check membrane of probe. inscribe the barometric pressure each day of analysis. Determine the DO of the two dilution water blanks and all sample bottlesPlace the samples and the 2 dilution water blanks in a 20 1C incu bator for 5 days. Fill water seals with dilution water and cap to reduce evaporation from seals. Check daily, add water to seals if necessary. onwards removing the caps, pour off the water above the cap.After 5 days, determine the DO of the two dilution water blanks and the sample bottles. unhurriednessThe BOD is playd apply the difference between the initial and final dissolved oxygen levels in the sample. This value is multiplied by the dilution factor which is the ratio of bottle volume to sample volume.Chemical Oxygen DemandThe determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is widely used in municipal and industrial laboratories to measure the overall level of organic contamination in wastewater. The contamination level is determined by beat the equivalent amount of oxygen required to oxidize organic matter in the sample. COD differs from BOD in that it measures the oxygen demand to digest all organic content, not just that portion which could be consumed by biological process es.A COD test measures all organic carbon with the exception of certain aromatics (benzene, toluene, phenol, etc.) which are not completely oxidise in the reaction. COD is a chemically chelated/thermal oxidation reaction, and therefore, other reduced substances such as sulfides, sulfites, and ferrous iron will also be oxidized and account as COD. NH3-N (ammonia) will NOT be oxidized as COD.COD can be measured by the unsympathetic reflux titrimetric method and the closed reflux colorimetrical methodReactorThe heater, or reactor, is used to obtain fast organic reactions. Since it is vital that the reaction take place at clC (2C) for 2 hours it is important to ensure accurate pre-heating.. The reactor is equipped with a timer to notify the operator when the reaction is completed. TitrationA sample is refluxed in potently acidic solution with a k straightwayn excess of potassium dichromate(K2Cr207). After digestion the remaining unreduced K2Cr207 is titrated with ferrous ammonium su lfate to determine the amount of K2Cr207 consumed and the oxidizable matter is calculated in terms of oxygen equivalent.This procedure is applicable to COD values between 40 and cd mg/L. Higher COD values can be obtained by careful dilution or by using higher concentrations of dichromate digestion solution colorimetricWhen a sample is digested, COD material in that sample is oxidized by the dichromate ion. Theresult is the smorgasbord in chromium from the hexavalent (VI) to the trivalent (III) state. both(prenominal) chromium species exhibit a color and absorb light in the visible region of the spectrum. In the 400 nm region the dichromate ion (Cr2072-) absorbs strongly while the chromic ion (Cr3+) absorbs much less. In the 600 nm region it is the chromic ion that absorbs strongly and the dichromate ion has nearly zero absorption.This method covers the ranges from 0 to 15000 mg/L 020- 150 mg/L near 420 nm0-1000 (1500) mg/L near 600 nm0-15000 mg/L near 600 nmThe US Environmental P rotection way specifies that the only acceptable reportable measuring method for COD is the colorimetric dichromate method. Advantages in using this method include high accuracy, certifiable results and slack off chloride interference.The chemical oxygen demand (COD) test is widely used as a subject matter of measuring the organic strength of domestic and industrial wastes. This test allows measurement of a waste in terms of the total quantity of oxygen required for oxidation to carbon dioxide and water. It is based upon the fact that all organic compounds, with a few exceptions, can be oxidized by the action of strong oxidizing agents under acid conditions. The amino nitrogen will be born-again to ammonia nitrogen. However, organic nitrogen in higher oxidation states will be converted to nitrate.During the determination of CID, organic matter is converted to carbon dioxide and water regardless of the biological assimilability of the substances. For example, glucose and lignin ar e both oxidized completely. As a result, COD values are greater than BOD values and may be much greater when significant amounts of biologically resistant organic matter is present. Wood-pulping wastes are excellent examples because of their high lignin content.One of the chief limitations of the COD test is its unfitness to differentiate between biologically oxidizable and biologically inert organic matter. In addition, it does not provide any evidence of the rate at which the biologically active material would be stabilized under conditions that exist in nature.History of the COD TestChemical oxidizing agents have long been used for measuring the oxygen demand of polluted waters. cat valium permanganate solutions were used for umteen years, and the results were referred to as oxygen consumed from permanganate. The oxidation caused by permanganate was highly variable with respect to various types of compounds, and the degree of oxidation varied considerably with the strength of r eagent used. Oxygen-consumed values were always considerable less than 5-day BOD values. This fact demonstrated the inability of permanganate to carry the oxidation to any particular end point.Ceric sulfate, potassium iodate, and potassium dichromate are other oxidizing agents that have been studied extensively for the determination of chemical oxygen demand. Potassium dichromate has been found to be the most practical of all, since it is capable of oxidizing a wide variety of organic substances almost completely to carbon dioxide and water. Because all oxidizing agents must be used in excess, it is necessary to measure the amount of excess remaining at the end of the reaction period in order to calculate the amount actually used in t he oxidation of the organic matter. It is relatively easy to measure any excess of potassium dichromate, an important point in its favor.In order for potassium dichromate to oxidize organic matter completely, the solution must be strongly acidic and a t an elevated temperature. As a result, volatile material originally present and those formed during the digestion period are lost unless provision is do to prevent their escape. ebbing condensers are ordinarily used for this purpose and allow the sample to be boiled without significant loss of volatile organic compounds.Certain organic compounds, oddly low molecular weight fatty acids, are not oxidized by dichromate unless a catalyst is present. It has been found that silver ion acts effectively in this capacity. Aromatic hydrocarbons and pyridine are not oxidized under any circumstances.Chemical Oxygen Demand By DichromatePotassium dichromate is a relatively cheap compound that can be obtained in a high state of purity. The analytical-reagent grade, after drying at 103 oC, can be used to prepare solutions of an involve normality by direct weighing and dilution to the proper volume. The dichromate ion is a very potent oxidizing agent in solutions that are strongly acidic. The r eaction complicated in the usual case, where organic nitrogen is all in a reduced state(oxidation number of -3), may be represented in a full general way as followsCnHaObNc + dCr2O2-7 + (8d +c)H+ nCo2 + (a+ 8d-3c)/2 H2O + cNH+4 + 2dCr3+Where d = 2n/3 +a/6 b/3 c/2.For these and other reasons, dichromate approaches an saint reagent for the measurement of COD.Selection of NormalityCOD results are reported in terms of milligrams of oxygen, Since the equivalent weight of oxygen is 8 g, it would seem logical to use a N/8 or 0.25 N solution of oxidizing agent in the determination so that results can be calculation in uniformity with the general procedure. Experience with the test has shown it has sufficient sensitivity to allow the use of a stronger solution of dichromate, and a N/4 or 0.25N solution is recommended. This allows the use of larger samples by doubling the range of COD that can be measured in the test procedure, since each milliliter of a 0.25 N solution of dichromate i s equivalent to 2 mg of oxygen.In any method of measuring COD, an excess of oxidizing agent must be present to ensure that all organic matter in oxidized as completely as is within the power of the reagent. This requires that a reasonably excess be present in all samples. In it necessary, of course, to measure the excess in some manner so that the actual amount reduced can be determined. A solution of a reducing agent is ordinarily used.Nearly all solutions of reducing agents are gradually oxidized by oxygen dissolved from the air unless special care is taken to protect them from oxygen. Ferrous ion is an excellent reducing agent for dichromate. Solutions of it can be best prepared from ferrous ammonium sulfate which is available in rather pure and stable form. In solutions, however, it is slowly oxidized by oxygen, and standardization is required each time the reagent is to be used. The standardization is made with the 0.25N solution of dichromate. The reaction between ferrous amm onium sulfate and dichromate may be represented as follows6Fe2+ + Cr2O2-7 + 14H+ - 6Fe3+ + 2Cr3+ + 7H2OBlanksBoth the COD and BOD tests are designed to measure oxygen requirements by oxidation of organic matter present in the samples. It is important, therefore, that no organic matter from outside sources be present if a true measure of the amount present in the sample is to obtained. Since it is impossible to exclude extraneous organic matter in the BOD test and impractical to do so in the COD test, blank samples are required in both determinations.IndicatorA very marked change in oxidation- decrement potential (ORP) occurs at the end point of all oxidation-reduction reactions. Such changes may be readily detected by electrometric means if the necessary equipment is available. Oxidation-reduction indicators may also be used Ferroin (ferrous 1,10-phenanthroline sulfate) is an excellent one to indicate when all dichromate has been reduced by ferrous ion. It gives a very sharp brown c olor change that is easily detected in spite of the blue color produced by the Cr3+ formed on reduction of the dichromate.CalculationsAlthough an oxidizing agent is used in the measurement of COD, it does not figure directly in the calculation of COD. This is because a solution of reducing agent must be used to determine how much of the oxidizing agent was used, and it is simpler to relate everything to the reducing agent in this case, because its strength varies from day to day and its normality is seldom, if ever, exactly equal to 0.25N.Calculation of COD is made using the following formula COD(mg/L) = 8000 (blank titr. sample titr.) norm. Fe(Nh4)2(SO4)2 mL sampleMethods to Reduce Hazardous Waste GenerationThe COD test can generate a large volume of liquid hazardous waste. In the past, common practice was to dilute completed samples with tap water and discharge them down the drain with a good flushing of water. This meant that considerable quantities of acid, chromium, silver, a nd also mercury (added for chloride complexation) could reach a treatment plant and perhaps surface waters. For this reason, drain disposal is now discouraged and sometimes prohibited, and so spent solutions must be stored, packaged and disposed into approved hazardous waste storage sites. It is possible to reduce this problem by recovering silver and mercury from the samples, but this requires proper permitting. In order to reduce this problem, alternate procedures can be used. Standard Methods now offers two closed reflux methods in which smaller sample and reagent volumes are used. Refluxing here is conducted in sealed containers. However, the principles are essentially the same as in the more historical open-reflux method. In order to maintain sufficient sensitivity with the reduced volumes, the concentration of the ferrous ammonium sulfate titrant is reduced. In one variation, a colorimetric rather than a volumetric procedure is used. This takes advantage of the change during o rganic oxidation from orange color of Cr(VI), which absorb at 420 nm. Measurements of color change from sample oxidation at either wavelength can be used for quantification. Although costs of prepared reagents for the closed flux COD procedures from commercial companies tend to be high, many analysts prefer them in comparison with reagents for the established reflux procedure because of their easy in use and reduction in quantities of resulting waste chemicals requiring disposal.While these considerations tend to deem the use of the closed reflux procedure, a similar variation can be made with the open reflux procedure as well. Here, for example, a 10 mL rather than a 50mL samples can be used. In this case, only 5 mL of dichromate solution is added together with only 15 mL of Ag+ amended concentrated sulfuric acid. By reducing the concentration of the ferrous ammonium sulfate titrant from 0.25 N to 0.025 N, suitable sensitivity can still be maintained. The sample reflux apparatus a s used with larger samples works satisfactorily here. With this modification, only one-fifth of the volume of waste solutions are generated, and unretentive sacrifice in analytical precision is made.Inorganic InterferencesCertain reduced inorganic ions can be oxidized under the conditions of the COD test and and then can cause erroneously high results to be obtained. Chloride causes the most serious problem because of its normally high concentration in most wastewaters.6Cl- + Cr2O2-7 + 14H+ - 3Cl2 +2CR3+ + 7H2OFortunately, this interference can be eliminated by the addition of mercurous sulfate to the sample prior to the addition of the other reagents. The mercuric ion combines with the chloride ions to form a poorly ionized mercuric chloride complexHg2+ + 2Cl- HgCl2 (aq)In the presence of excess mercuric ions the chloride-ion concentration is so small that it is not oxidized to any extent by dichromate.Nitrite ix oxidized to nitrate and this interference can be overcome by the addition of sulfamic acid to the dichromate solution. However, significant amounts of nitrite seldom occur in wastes or in natural waters. This also holds true for other possible interferences such as ferrous iron and sulfide.Application of COD DataThe COD test is used extensively in the analysis of industrial wastes. It is particularly valuable in surveys designed to determine and control losses to sewer systems. Results may be obtained within a relatively short time and measures taken to correct errors on the day they occur. In conjunction with the BOD test, the COD test is helpful in indicating toxic conditions and the presence og biologically resistant organic substances. The test is widely used in the operation of treatment facilities because of the speed with which results can be obtained.BOD Vs. CODTo measure oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) relies on bacteria to oxidize readily available organic matter during a five-day incubation period. COD uses strong chemic als to oxidize organic matter. Generally, COD is preferred to BOD for process control measurements because results are more reproducible and are available in just two hours rather than five days. By the time you have the results from a five day test, the plant conditions are no longer the same, so real time monitor and control cannot be relied upon by the use of BOD. COD is a quick and easy and the process at the wastewater treatment plant can be optimized and controlled with real time accuracy.BOD simulates the actual treatment plant process by measuring the organic material microorganisms can oxidize. Although COD is comparable to BOD, it actually measures chemically oxidizable matter. The COD test is not a direct substitute for the BOD test however, a ratio usually can be correlated between the two tests. This requires COD versus BOD testing over a specified period of time.For industrial samples, COD is the only feasible test because of the presence of bacterial inhibitors or oth er chemical interferences, which would interfere with a BOD determination. Many industrial laboratories find that replicate COD and BOD testing is beneficial because the COD test can be used to target a specific BOD range.ConclusionThe Ceramic Industry is a major source of pollutants to the environment. Industrial Wastes unless treated pose a threat to the environment and are extremely hazardous if left untreated. thence evaluation of the same is of utmost important. The composition of the effluents should fall within the Emission Limit Values as specified by EHS Guidelines.Analysis of effluents forms the primary contour of Wastewater Treatment. It indicates the type of treatment required and gives an estimate of the machinery and infrastructure to be laid. Only through a thorough assessment the industry would be able to gauge the various possibilities of treatment and recycling.Summary and Future ResearchThe study so far has identified the importance and need for effluent analys is as the first step towards treatment systems. The chemical composition of effluents released from the Ceramic Industry have been estimated and their ELVs mentioned. The tests and methods of analysis have been explained in depth and simulated in the laboratory so as to determine the chemical concentration levels of the effluent sample prior to treatment.Further tests will include an analysis of the treated samples and verification with the standard values issued by EHS Guidelines. In addition, ICP atomic spectroscopy will be used to identify the presence of elemental contaminants and a report of the same will be provided to the Ceramic Company for their reference.BibliographyMetcalf Eddy, Inc., George Tchobanoglous, Franklin Burton, H. David Stensel, Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse, 4th ed. McGraw-Hill.Lenore S. Clescerl, Arnold E. Greenberg, Andrew D. Eaton, Standard Methods for Examination of Water Wastewater, 20th ed. Washington, DC American Public Health Associatio n.Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Ceramic Tile and Sanitary Ware Manufacturing (pdf).M.L. Nollet, Handbook of Waste Analysis, 2nd ed, McGraw-Hill Publications.Sawyer, McCarty Parkin, Chemistry for Environmental Engineering and Science, 5th edition. McGraw-Hill Publications.Importance of vicenary MeasurementsQuantitative measurements serve as the keystone of engineering practice. Environmental engineering and science is perhaps most demanding in this respect, for it requires the use of not only the conventional measuring devices employed by engineers, but, in addition, many of the techniques and methods of measurement used by chemists, physicists, and some of htose used by biologists.Every problem in environmental engineering and science must be approached initially in a manner that will define the problem. This approach necessitates the use of