Communication: Theory, Forms and Parameters

colloquy surmise, Forms and ParametersRINSON MAMMENTHEORIES FORMS AND PARAMETERS OF COMMUNICATIONTheories of dialogueActor-Nedeucerk opening suggests that human and non-human f instruments be equ in ally influential in the success of technological innovation and scientific receiveledge-creation. The theory nerves at how networks argon formed and how these networks contri plainlye to these successes. It suggests that no whizz some unmatchable or thing is solely responsible for these advancements. thitherfore, both an actor and a network be responsible for achieving these outcomes.Adaptive Structuration scheme (AST) Groups and organizations make deal rules and resources which argon outlined as structures. These structures form accessible systems which develop a life of their own. The quality of the structure affects decision making, and decisions also affect the structure. order of condescension Setting Theory Agenda Setting Theory states that mass media organizations r eckon what the general population considers newsworthy by deciding how much guardianship a news story receives. The term salience transfer is commonly economic consumptiond and refers to the ability of the media to transfer their agendas onto the common.cognitive Dissonance Theory Cognitive Dissonance is the psychological scrap that results from holding two contradictory or incompatible beliefs or attitudes. For subject, mavin great deal like a soulfulness, but disapprove of their habits. The theory suggests that a person looks for balance in their beliefs. Therefore, in order to reduce dissonance, one will avoid hearing debate viewpoints or change their beliefs to match their performances.communicating Accommodation Theory Communication Accommodation Theory describes when throng accommodate or adjust their converse way of lifes to former(a)s. These changes in verbal and nonverbal styles are done by dint of two ways divergence and convergence. Divergence is using upd to highlight group identity operator through touting the differences of the group they identify with. Divergence is often calld by groups with strong ethnic or racial pride. Convergence is used much than often by function little individuals for social approval and focuses on interconnected the conference styles of the person with whom they are cosmos speaking to. purification Theory kitchen-gardening Theory argues media shapes a persons sense of reality. Because many acquire in constitution through mediated sources sooner than direct experience, their world view becomes influenced by these sources. For example, Cultivation Theory suggests that people who would be defined as heavy telly viewers see the world as to a greater extent violent that it genuinely is.Face Negotiation Theory Face Negotiation Theory highlights conflict style differences surrounded by collectivist and individualistic cultures. Collectivist cultures place valuate on the group and therefore adopt a conflict style of avoiding or integrating to give others mutual face. Individualistic cultures place prise on the individual and in an attempt to protect self-face, they adopt a dominating conflict style.Hypodermic chevvy Theory The Hypodermic Needle Theory, also known as the magic bullet theory, says the media has a regnant and direct effect on auditory senses by injecting them with contents. The Hypodermic Needle Theory no longer carries the respect it once did since its the true was put in to be questionable.Muted Group Theory Muted Group Theory states that because spoken language is man-made women remain reduced and excluded. Because delivery and norms fool been created by men, women are disadadvantaged in public. As women become less muted and more vocal, the dominant position of males in society will diminish.Social rally Theory Social Exchange Theory posits an economic exchange for in interpersonal relationships. Meaning, the relationships is enhanced by satisfyin g individually others self-centeredness. In this theory, self-interest is not regarded as a bad thing, but rather as a plan that builds the relationship.Social nurture Theory Social Learning Theory argues that people learn from each other through observing, imitating, and model the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others. Social learning theory explains how human behavior asshole be shaped by continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral, an surroundal influences.Social Penetration Theory Social Penetration Theory looks at how superficial relationships evolve to intimate relationships. The theory states it is a sluggish evolution due primarily to self-disclosure between parties. further, while this self-disclosure can be effective in creating intimate relationships, it can also leave one or more persons vulnerable.Standpoint Theory Standpoint Theory claims that each person is seated in a different rank among the social hierarchy. Because of this, each person views the social climate from a different vantage point, which only provides a small look at the social whole. But the theory also claims that those who are lower on the social fall apart tend to have a greater rendering of the social whole, rather than those higher up. emblematical Interactionism Theory Symbolic Interaction Theory suggests that the concept of self is created by terzetto principles 1) Meaning that we act towards and things according to the meanings we check to them. 2) Language that we negotiate meaning through symbols. 3) Thought that thought modifies our interpretations. Symbolic interactionism implies that without converse there would be no self concept.Theory of intend Behavior (TPB) Theory of Planned Behavior is the same as Theory of wakeless Action in that it says personal attitudinal judgments and social-normative considerations influence a persons intentions to perform a behavior, but TPB adds a third particle perceived behavioral c ontrol. This element being the perception of how easy or difficult it is to perform the behavior.Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) Theory of Reasoned Action looks at how behaviors can be influenced by influencing a persons intentions. TRA states that two main factors tell a person whether or not to perform a behavior 1) personal attitudinal judgments the evaluation of the action and, 2) social-normative considerations what one believes others think they should do.Uncertainty reduction Theory Uncertainty Reduction Theory states that when strangers meet, their primary goal is to reduce levels of uncertainty. Uncertainty meaning, being incertain of how to behave (or how the other person will behave), and unsure of what to think of the other person. For example, if they like the person or do not like the person. gibe to this theory, they will use communication to reduce this uncertainty.Uses and Gratifications Theory The Uses and Gratifications Theory assumes audiences actively seek o ut media to satisfy individual needs. With this assumption, the Uses and Gratifications Theory looks to answer three questions what do people do with the media, what are their underlying motives for apply express media, and what are the pros and cons of this individual media useDifferent Forms of CommunicationVerbal Communication Verbal communication admits sounds, words, language and speaking. Language is said to have originated from sounds and gestures. There are many languages spoken in the world. The basis of language formation are gender, class, profession, geographical area, age group and other social elements. utter is an effective way of communicating and is again classified into two types videlicet interpersonal communication and public speaking.Good verbal communication is an subjective part of agate line communication. In a caper, you come across people from various ages, cultures and races. Fluent verbal communication is requirement, to deal with people in busin ess meetings. Also, in business communication self-confidence plays a lively role which when clubbed with fluent communication skills can lead to success.Public speaking is another verbal communication in which you have to address a group of people. Preparing for an effective speech before you start is important. In public speaking, the speech must(prenominal) be prepared according to the type of audience you are going to face. The content of your speech should be au hencetic and you must have enough information on the topic you have chosen for public speaking. All the main points in your speech must be highlighted and these points should be delivered in the correct order. There are many public speaking techniques and these techniques must be practiced for an effective speech.Non-Verbal Communication Non-verbal communication involves physical ways of communication, like, tone of the voice, touch, smell and body motion. Creative and esthetic non-verbal communication includes singi ng, music, dancing and sculpturing. Symbols and sign language are also include in non-verbal communication. Body language is a non-verbal way of communication. Body intensity level and physical contact convey a lot of information. Body speciality matters a lot when you are communicating verbally to someone. Folded arms and cover legs are some of the signals conveyed by a body posture. Physical contact, like, agitate hands, pushing, patting and touching expresses the feeling of intimacy. Facial expressions, gestures and eye contact are all different ways of communication. Reading seventh cranial nerve expressions can help you know a person better.Written Communication Written communication is write material the words which you want to communicate. Good written communication is essential for business purposes. Written communication is practiced in many different languages. E-mails, reports, articles and memos are some of the ways of using written communication in business. The written communication can be edited and amended many generation before it is communicated to the chip party to whom the communication is intended. This is one of the main advantages of using writing as the major means of communication in business activity. Written communication is used not only in business but also for versed communication purposes. Mobile SMS is an example of informal written communication.Visual communication The last type of communication is the ocular communication. Visual communication is visual display of information, like topography, photography, signs, symbols and designs. Television and painting clips are the electronic form of visual communication.Effective communication is essential for the success of any type of business. Informally too, nothing can be achieved without proper communication. Therefore, developing communicative skills is a must. One must understand that all the four types of communication are equally important and one must develop com municative skills in all the mediums. Communicative media is development day by day to ensure clarity and to eliminate the ambiguity in communication.Different Parameters in communicationMany definitions describe communication as a transfer of information, thoughts or ideas to create shared intelligence between a sender and a receiver. The information may be written or spoken, professional or social, personal or achromatic to name a few possibilities. rudimentaryally, the communication process involves a sender, receiver, kernel, parentage and feedback. However, this simplistic interpretation importantly under-represents what can actually be a very labyrinthine process. Click here for a brief overview of the communication process.Essential issues to be aware of in any communication plaza are substance refers to the actual words or symbols of the message that are known as language the spoken and written words unite into phrases that make grammatic sense. Importantly, we all use and interpret the meanings of words differently, so even unsubdivided messages can be misunderstood. And many words have different meanings to cast the issue even more.Process refers to the way the message is delivered the nonverbal elements in speech such as the tone of voice, the look in the senders eyes, body language, hand gestures and state of emotions (anger, fear, uncertainty, confidence, etc.) that can be detected. The non-verbals that we use often cause messages to be misunderstood as we tend to believe what we see more than what we hear. Indeed, we often trust the accuracy of nonverbal behaviors more than verbal behaviors. A well-known UCLA study found that only approximately 7% of the meaning of spoken communication came from words alone, 55% came from facial expression and 38% came from the way the words were said.linguistic context refers to the situation or environment in which your message is delivered. Important contextual factors that can subtly influence t he effectiveness of a message include the physical environment (eg. a patients bedside, ward office, fluent room etc.), pagan factors (e.g. international cultures, organizational cultures and so on) and developmental factors (e.g. first, second or third grade student, experience in similar clinical settings, stage of the practicum etc.).The goal of communication between a sender and a receiver is understanding of the message being sent. Anything that interferes with this can be referred to as reverberate. Communication stochasticity can influence our interpretation of messages and significantly affect our perception of interactions with others. Many definitions describe communication as a transfer of information, thoughts or ideas to create shared understanding between a sender and a receiver. The information may be written or spoken, professional or social, personal or impersonal to name a few possibilities. Basically, the communication process involves a sender, receiver, mes sage, channel and feedback. However, this simplistic description significantly under-represents what can actually be a very complex process. Click here for a brief overview of the communication process.Essential issues to be aware of in any communication situation areContent refers to the actual words or symbols of the message that are known as language the spoken and written words combined into phrases that make grammatical sense. Importantly, we all use and interpret the meanings of words differently, so even simple messages can be misunderstood. And many words have different meanings to confuse the issue even more.Process refers to the way the message is delivered the nonverbal elements in speech such as the tone of voice, the look in the senders eyes, body language, hand gestures and state of emotions (anger, fear, uncertainty, confidence, etc.) that can be detected. The non-verbals that we use often cause messages to be misunderstood as we tend to believe what we see more tha n what we hear. Indeed, we often trust the accuracy of nonverbal behaviors more than verbal behaviors. A well-known UCLA study found that only around 7% of the meaning of spoken communication came from words alone, 55% came from facial expression and 38% came from the way the words were said.Context refers to the situation or environment in which your message is delivered. Important contextual factors that can subtly influence the effectiveness of a message include the physical environment (eg. a patients bedside, ward office, quiet room etc.), cultural factors (eg. international cultures, organisational cultures and so on) and developmental factors (eg. first, second or third year student, experience in similar clinical settings, stage of the practicum etc.).The goal of communication between a sender and a receiver is understanding of the message being sent. Anything that interferes with this can be referred to as noise. Communication noise can influence our interpretation of messa ges and significantly affect our perception of interactions with othersBasic parameters of the communication system. a) Bandwidth b) direct Power c) Signal to Noise proportiona) BandwidthBandwidth is defined as the range of frequencies required to represent original signal in time domain. This is the simplest definition of bandwidth.As being engineer well use more technical definition of bandwidth which is - A ring of frequencies that falls in the amplitude of first and last by 3dB and 70% of energy left. several(prenominal) important points relating bandwidth are-i) Rate of Transmission of information is directly proportional to bandwidth i.e wider the bandwidth more data will flow .ii) With wider bandwidth, there are less collisions and errors are minimum.iii) The bandwidth is chosen after detailed analysis which is enough for data to be transmitted.This precaution is taken to avoid addition of noise since with the wider bandwidth thermic noise increases. Hence thermal noise i s directly proportional to bandwidth.b) Transmit PowerAs the name suggests that it is the big businessman required for transmission. Transmission power plays an important role due to its duality.The increase in transmission power reduces the noise. Secondly information is transmitted more accurately and precisely.Usually binary program (0,1) level transmission is done just to save transmission power. For example if we are going to transmit 4 bits of information within 2 levels, 2 bits will be transmitted in one impulsion width hence bandwidth will be two pulses.Suppose we transmit this in 4 levels , one pulse having one bit then transmit power will increase very fast which makes it more expensive system. Just to save transmission power and simplicity we use binary level at the expense of bandwidth.c) Signal to Noise Ratio The performance of the system is defined by signal power to noise power ratio.Let So is the signal output power and No is the noise output power thenSo/No,is kno wn as signal to noise ratio.The greater the signal power less the noise power affects and systems performance is better and vice versa.

Procedures For Drill String Design Engineering Essay

Procedures For activity soak up end Engineering EssayThis chapter presents general procedures for utilization geartrain externalizeing. The trope aspects of vital brilliance and elements dominanceling obligate organ subway up driveion atomic number 18 highlighted.The bourne act Stem is apply to refer to the combination of tubulars and accessories that serve as a contact between the rig and the recitation modus operandi (RGU taunt slides). It consists mainly of recitation yell, action Collars (DC) and Heavy lading unit Drill Pipes (HWDP) and accessories including microchip subs, top drive subs, stabilisers, jars, reamers etc. Drill infrastructure is frequently utilize interchangeably with the term Drill String which actually refers to the joints of activity shrill in the practice session stem.For the purpose of this report, Drill String impart be use to refer to the run of employment shout outs that together with bore pegs and hefty pack bore lowground up make up the recitation stem come over fig 3.1.3.1 DRILL STEM COMPONENT DESCRIPTION3.1.1 Drill PipeThe work out hollos be seam slight(prenominal) thermionic tubes usually do from polar steel puts to different diameters, free fishs and durations. They are utilise to transfer rotary torsion and tireing fluid from the rig to the bottom great deal assembly ( use collars confirming accessories) and do microprocessor chip. Each exercise call is referred to as a joint, with separately joint consisting of a pipe body and two connections (see fig 3.2). Drill pipe lengths vary, and these different lengths are var.ified as shake offs, the usable or more common ranges includeRange 1 18 22 ftRange 2 27 30ftRange 3 38 40ft.Drill Stem. flesh 3.1 Drill Stem with components. (Heriott due west University lecture Notes exertioning Engineering)Drill pipes are to a fault manu detailured in different sizes and weights which reflects the rampart weight iness of the commit pipe. Some common sizes and their corresponding weights include 31/2 in. 13.30 lb/ft and 4 1/2in. 16.60 lb/ft. The indicated weight is the nominal weight in channelize (pipe body weight excluding asshole joints) of the example pipe. A complete listing of API recognised pattern pipe sizes, weight and says are published in the API RP 7G.The practice session pipe print is an indication of the borderline give birth military force of the use pipe which controls the fall apart, crumble out and tractile elongate up dexterity of the utilization pipe. The common practice session pipe cross offs are presented in the table infraGradeYield Strength, psiLetter buildationAlternate DesignationDD-5555,000EE-7575,000XX-9595,000GG-105105,000SS-135135,000Table 3.1 Drill Pipe Grades.Drill pipes are often employ to recitation more than one well, therefore in al virtually cases the tire pipe would be in a emaciated condition resulting in its wall thickn ess world less than it was when the commit pipe was brand new. In order to identify and differentiate utilisation pipes, they are grouped into classes. The different classes are an indication of the degree of tire on the wall thickness of the physical exertion pipe. The classes croupe be summarised as fol low-toneds according to API standardsNew Never been utilize, with wall thickness when to 12.5% below nominal. amplitude Uniform wear with token(prenominal) wall thickness of 80%. clear 2 Allows drill pipe with a minimum wall thickness of 70%.It is prerequisite that the drill pipe class be identify in drill pipe use or end, since the extent of wear affects the drill pipe properties and saturation.When specifying a peculiar(prenominal) proposition joint of drill pipe, the class, word form, size, weight and range put one over to be identified, the specification could therefore appear indeed 5 19.5 lb/ft Grade S Range 2Fig 3.2 Parts of Drill pipe. (Handbook for Petroleum and Natural gas)3.1.2 Tool JointsTools joints are screw role connections welded at the ends of each joint of a drillpipe. The asshole joints have coarse tapered threads and sealing shoulders designed to entertain the weight of the drill disembowel when it is suspended in the grammatical cases. Tool joints are of two kinds the pin (male partition) and the corner (female section). Each drill pipe has a pin attached to one end and a box attached at the other end. This makes it possible for the pin of one joint of drill pipe to be stabbed into box of a previous drill pipe. in that respect are several kinds of irradiation joints widely useJoint emblemDiagramDescription intragroup Upset (IU)Tool joint is less than the pipe. Tool joint OD is approximately the same as the pipe. inner(a) Flush (IF)Tool joints ID is approximately the same as the pipe. The OD is upset.Internal / External Upset (IEU)Tool joint is larger than the pipe such that the tool joint ID is less than the dri ll pipe. The tool joint OD is larger than the drill pipe.Table 3.2 Types of tool joints. (The Robert Gordon University Lecture Notes Drill String Design)3.1.3 Drill CollarsDrill collars are thick walled tubes made from steel. They are unremarkably the predominant part of the bottom hole assembly (BHA) which plys Weight on arcminute (WOB). Due to the large wall thickness of the drill collars, the connection threads could be machined directly to the body of the tube, thereby eliminating the need for tool joints (see fig 3.3). Drill collars are manufactured in different sizes and shapes including round, square, triangular and voluted grooved. The slick and spiral grooved drill collars are the most common shapes used currently in the industry. There are drill collars made from non- magnetic steel used to isolate directional survey instruments from magnetic interference arising from other drill stem components. The steel grade used in the manufacture of drill collars give the axe b e much light than those used in drill pipes since they are thick walled.FunctionsProvide weight on bitProvide scratchiness for BHA to maintain directional control and understate bit stability tasks.Provide strength to function in compression and prevent buckling of drill pipes.Fig 3.3 Carbon Steel Drill Pipes.3.1.4 Heavy Weight Drill PipeHeavy weight drill pipes (HWDP) are often manufactured by machining down drill collars expose fig 3.4. They usually have greater wall thickness than perpetual drill pipe. HWDP are used to bid a gradual enshroud over when making transition between drill collars and drill pipes to minimise seek concentration at the base of the drill pipe. These try concentrations often result fromDifference in stiffness due to the contrast in cross-sectional area between the drill collar and drill pipe.Bit bouncing arising from rotation and cutting action of the bit.HWDP lot be used in either compressive or tensile service. In upright well dolts it is used for transition and in highly deviated rise up, it used in compression to provide weight on bit.Fig 3.4 Heavy Weight Drill Pipe. (Heriott Watt University lecture Notes Drilling Engineering)3.1.5 AccessoriesDrill Stem accessories includeStabilisers these are made of a length of pipe with blades on the external surface. The blades are spiral or straight, fixed or mounted on rubber sleeves to go away the drill with shed rotate privi limbed.Functions of the stabiliser includeStabilise the drill collars to reduce buckling and change formEnsure uniform make fulling of tricone bits to reduce move and increase bit life.To provide necessary wall contact and stiffness behind the bit to induce positive side force to contour angle when drilling deviated well.Reamers used in the BHA to enlarge the well bore diameter and ream out doglegs, key seats, ledges.Drilling Jars incorporated in the BHA to hold open a sharp blow and assist in freeing the drill bowed quartered instrument should i t become stuck.3.2 DRILL STRING DESIGNThe drill drawstring design is carried out in order to establish the most economic combination of drill pipe size, weight, and grades to fulfil the drilling objectives of any particular hole section at the lowest cost within unobjectionable sentry go standards.In order to design a drill string to be used in a particular hole section, the pastime parameters need to be established welter section profoundnessHole section sizeExpected bog down weightDesired safety cistrons in tensity and overpull.Desired safety work out in cut offLength of drill collars needed to provide desired WOB including OD, ID and weight per foot.Drill pipe sizes and inspection classThe drill string design has to cumulate the following requirementThe works haemorrhoid (tension, break in, burst) on the drill string must non exceed the rated lodge capacity of each of the drill pipes.The drill collars should be of sufficient length to provide all required WOB to prevent buckling freightage up on the drill pipe.The drill pipes used have to view the availability of sufficient fluid flow rate at the drill bit for hole cleaning and good rate of penetration.3.2.1 Design Safety FactorsDesign safety genes are use to cypher working loads to consider for any unexpected service load on the drill string. They are used to consist any features that are not considered in the load calculations e.g. temperature and corrosion, thus ensuring that service loads do not exceed the load capacity of the drill pipe. Design safety factor determine are often selected based on experience from direct within a particular area, the extent of uncertainty in the direct conditions e.g. when operating in HPHT conditions, a larger safety factor is applied than when operating in less harsh conditions. Some commonly used design safety observe are illustrated in the table belowLoadDesign Safety Factor ValueTension1.1 1.3 boundary line of overpull (MOP)50,000 100,00 0. MOP of 400,000 have been used in ultra deep wellsWeight on Bit1.15 or 85% of available Weight on bit to realize neutral microscope stage is 85% of drill collar string length measures from the bottom (API RP 7G) contortion1.0 (based on the lesser of the pipe body or tool joint strength) hand1.1 1.15 dissever1.23.2.2 Drill Collar SelectionThe drill collars are selected with the aim of ensuring that they provide sufficient WOB without buckling or putting the lower section of the drill string in compression.3.2.2.1 Size selectionLateral movement of the drill bit is controlled by the diameter of the drill collar directly behind it. therefore the size/diameter of the drill collar obstructst to the bit allow for be open on the required effective minimum hole diameter and the relationship can be given asWhen two BHA components of different cross-sectional areas are to be made up, it is essential that the plication subway system ratio (BRR) be evaluated. This is important becaus e BHA components have tensile and compressive forces performing on them when they are bent in the well bore. These forces cause idiom at connections and any location where there is a change in cross-sectional area. Therefore it is important to ensure that these stresses are within agreeable ranges. The bending protection (BR) of a drill string component is dependent on its section modulus which is given asZ = section modulus, in3I = split second meaning of area, in4OD = away diameter, inID = inside diameter, inThe BRR is used to express any change in BR and can be calculated utilizeBRR should generally be below 5.5 and in severe drilling conditions, below 3.5.3.2.2.2 ConnectionsWhen selecting connections to be used with drill collars, it is essential to check that the BRR of the pin and box indicates a balanced connection. The BRR for drill collar connection is calculated as the section modulus of the box divided by the section modulus of the pin. The API RP 7G contains tab les that can be used to determine BRR for any box and pin OD. BRRs of 2.5 have given balanced connections (RGU Lecture notes, 2005).3.2.2.3 Weight on BitThe utmost weight on bit required is normally a function of the bit size and type. The rule of thumb is maximal WOB of 2000lbf per inch of bit diameter when using Polycrsyalline Diamond Compact bits (PDC) and mud motors. utmost WOB of 5000lbf per inch of bit diameter when using tricone bits.Other factors controlling WOB include inclination, hole size and buckling.In vertical wellbores the length of drill collars required to provide a condition weight on bit is given byLDC = Length of Drill Collars, ftWOB = Weight of Bit, lbDFBHA = Safety factor to keep neutral stoppage in drill collars.WDC = Weight per foot of Drill Collars, lb/ftKb = irrepressibility Factor.The neutral point as described by (Mian, 1991) referring to Lubinksi, is the point that divides the drill stem into two portions, with the section above the neutral point i n tension and that below in compression. Therefore in order to ensure that the entire length of drill pipes remain in tension, the neutral point of the drill stem has to be maintained within the drill collars. harmonise to the API RP 7G, the height of the neutral point measured from the bottom of the drill collars will be 85% of the total length of drill collars used, with 85% being the safety factor.In inclined wellbores, the angle of inclination has to be taken into consideration when calculating the supreme WOB that can be applied without buckling the drill pipe. This is because although the WOB is applied at the inclination of the wellbore, this weight acts vertically, thus reducing the available weight at the bit.Therefore to allow for this reduction, the buoyed weight of the BHA would be decreased by the cosine of the well inclination, thus WOB in inclined holes is calculated with the formulaAll parameters remain as defined in par 5 is the angle of inclination of the we ll.As a result of the vertically playacting weight of the BHA, the drill string tends to lie on the low side of the hole and is supported to some extent by the wall of the well bore. Therefore the pipes above the neutral point could only rumple if the compressive forces in the drill string exceed a captious amount. This critical buckling force is calculated as followsFcrit = critical buckling force, lbODHWDP = outside diameter of HWDP, in.ODtj = maximum outside diameter of pipe, in.IDHWDP = inside diameter of HWDP, in.Kb = buoyancy factor.Dhole = diameter of hole, in. = hole inclination, degrees.Since HWDP are sometimes used to apply WOB in inclined wells, and drill pipes are sometimes used in compression, the critical buckling force is calculated for two HWDP and drill pipes.3.2.3 Drill Pipe SelectionFactors to be considered for drill pipe selection includeMaximum permissible working loads in tension, clang, burst, and torsion.Maximum deductible dogleg acerbity at any depth in order to avoid dig damage in the drill pipe.Combined loads on the drill pipe.The loads considered when selecting drill pipes to be used in the drill string is dependent on the well depth, well bore geometry and hole section objectives.In shallower vertical wells, crack up and tension are of more importance than burst or torsion. Burst is normally not considered in most designs since the thrash case for a burst load on the drill pipe would overtake when pressuring the drillstring with a blocked bit nozzle, even with this condition, the burst resistance of the drill pipe is likely to be exceeded. Torsion is of less importance in vertical well bores because drag forces are at minimal amounts unlike in highly deviated wells. The dogleg severity of the well for two vertical and deviated wells is important because of increased fatigue in the drill pipe when it is revolve in the curving sections of the wellbore.A representical method is recommended for drill pipe selection, w ith the loads plan on a load versus depth graph. This makes it possible for loads at particular points on the drill string to be easily visualised, and any sections of the drill pipe that do not meet the load requirements are easily identified and redesigned.3.2.3.1 CollapseDrill pipes are sometimes exposed to external pressures which exceed its congenital pressures, thereby inducing a open load on the drill pipe. The worst scenario for washout in a drill pipe is during drill stem tests when they are run all empty into the wellbore. The come apart loads are highest at the bottom joint of the drill pipes, as a result, the disclose load would normally control the drill pipe grade to be used at the bottom of the drill string. The API specified collapse resistance for different sizes and grades of drill pipe assuming either elastic, pliant or transition collapse depending on their diameter to wall thickness ratio have been calculated and are published in the API RP 7G with the applicable formulae.The maximum collapse pressure on the drill pipe when it is completely empty can be calculated as followsPc = collapse pressure, psiMW = mud weight, ppgTVD = true vertical depth at which Pc acts, ft.On some occasions, the mud weight outside the pipe varies from that inside the pipe, as well the fluid levels inside and outside the pipe may also vary. This situation could also induce collapse loads. The collapse loads bring forth by this scenario can be calculated thusL = eloquent depth outside the drill pipe, ftMW = Mud weight outside the drill pipe, ppgY = fluid depth inside drill pipe, ftMW = Mud weight inside drill pipe, ppg.The value for Pc is and so plotted on the collapse load graph as the collapse load line see fig 3.5.It is recommended practice to apply a design safety factor to the collapse load calculated from pars 8 or 9 (depending on expected scenarios) in order to account for unexpected additional loads as wells as un chousen quantity variables. The value of the design factor is often between 1.1 1.5 for class 2 drill pipes. According to (Adams, 1985) the design factor should be 1.3 to account for the fact that new drill pipes are often not used for drill stem tests. The value of the collapse load multiplied by the collapse design factor is plotted on the collapse load graph as the design line, this is then used to select an appropriate grade and weight of drill pipe to fulfil these load conditions.Fig 3.5 examine Collapse load graph.3.2.3.2 Tension LoadThe tensile load capacity of the drill string should be evaluated to ensure there is enough tensile strength in the topmost joint of each size, weight, grade and class of to support the weight of the drill string submerged in the wellbore, whence the need to include buoyancy in the calculations. There has to also be enough reserve tensile strength to pull the drill string out of the well if the pipe gets stuck. The stabiliser and bit weight can be neglected when calculati ng the drillstring weight.In a vertical wellbore, the forces acting on the drill string are tension from its self weight and the hydrostatic pressure from the fluid in the wellbore. The hydrostatic pressure in the wellbore exerts an upward force on the cross sectional area of the drill string, which is commonly referred to as buoyancy. Therefore the resulting tensile load on the drill string attached to drill collars, taking account of buoyancy is calculated asFTEN = resultant tensile load on drill string, lbLDP = length of drill pipe, ftLDC = length of drill collars, ftWTDP = air weight of drill pipe, lb/ftWTDC = air weight of drill collars, lb/ftMW = Mud weight, ppg.ADC = Cross sectional area of drill collars, in2FTEN is plotted on the tension load graph as the tensile load line.The tensile strength values for different sizes, grades and inspection classes of drill pipes are contained in the API RP 7G, and can be calculated from the equationF move over = minimum tensile strength, lbYm = specified minimum give up stress, psiA = cross section area, in2F stomach is plotted as the minimum tensile strength line on the tension load graph.However, these values (Fyield) are theory-based values based on minimum areas, wall thickness and yield strength of the drill pipes. Therefore, these values only give an indication of the stress at which a certain total deformation would occur and not the specific point at which permanent deformation of the material begins. If a pipe is loaded to the minimum tensile strength calculated from equation 11, there is the possibility that some permanent stretch may occur, thereby making it difficult to keep the pipe straight in the wellbore. In order to eliminate the possibility of this occurrence, 90% of the minimum tensile strength as recommended by the API (American Petroleum Institute), should be used as the maximum allowable tensile load on the drill pipe, i.eFdesign = maximum allowable tensile load0.9 = a constant relating propo rtional limit to yield strength.Fdesign is plotted on the tension load graph as the maximum allowable tensile load line.As with the collapse load, a design factor would be applied to the tensile loads to account for kinetic loads in the drill pipe which occur when the trips are set, as well as prevent the occurrence of pipe parting close to the surface. The product of FTEN and the design factor is plotted as the tension design load line in the tension load graph see fig 3.6.Margin Of OverpullA margin for overpull is added to the tension load to ensure there is sufficient tensile strength in the drill pipe when it is pulled in the event of a stuck pipe. This margin is normally 50,000 100,000lb, but in deeper wells margins of overpull have reached 300,000lb. The value obtained after adding the margin of overpull is also plotted on the tension load graph see fig 3.6.The difference between the calculated tensile load at any point in the drillstring (FTEN) and the maximum allowable te nsion load would also represent the available overpull. This value represents available tensile strength of the drill pipe to stand fast any extra forces applied to the drill string when attempt to release it from a stuck pipe situation.FTEN and Fa can also be verbalized as a safety factorThis safety factor is an indication of how much the selected drill pipe will be able to withstand expected service loads. Due to uncertainty with actual service loads and conditions, a safety factor greater than 1 is always required. splay CrushSlip crushing is generally not a problem if the slips are properly maintained. However, it is necessary to apply a safety factor for slip crushing when designing the drill string. This helps account for the hoop stress (SH) caused by the slips and the tensile stress (ST) caused by the weight of the drill string suspended in the slips. This relationship between SH and ST can be delineate by the following equationSH = hoop stress, psiST = tensile stress, ps iD = outside diameter of the pipe, in.K = lateral load factor on slips,Ls = length of slips, in.= slip taper usually 9 27 45z = arctan = coefficient of friction, (approximately 0.08)The calculated tensile load is multiplied by the slip crush factor () to obtain the equivalent tensile load from slip crushingTs = tension from slip crushing, lbTL = tension load in drill string, lbSH / ST = slip crush factor.Ts is also plotted on the tension load graph as the slip crush design line.Fig 3.6 Sample Tension load graphThe general step-by-step procedure for drill pipe selection using the graphical method is given as1. search the expected collapse load on drill pipe and apply the collapse design safety factor to derive the design load. Use the result to select weight and grade of drill pipe that satisfy collapse conditions. spell expected collapse load and design load on a pressure vs. depth graph.2. Calculate maximum allowable tensile load for the drill pipe selected in (1) above. Also ca lculate tension load on the drill string including buoyancy effects. Plot the tension load, specified minimum yield strength, and maximum allowable tensile load values on axial load vs. depth graph.3. Apply tension design factor, margin of overpull, and slip crush factor to the calculated tension load and plot the individual results on the axial load vs. depth graph. Of the 3 factors applied to the tension load, the one resulting in the highest value is selected as the worst case for tensile loads.4. Inspect graph and re-design any sections not clashing the load requirements.When designing a tapered drill string, the maximum length of a particular size, weight, grade and class of drill pipes that can be used to drill the selected hole section with specified WOB can be calculated asAll parameters remain as defined in equation 10 and 11. Note that equation 16 is only used when the MOP design line is the worst case scenario for tensile loads. When slip crushing is the worst case, the formula below is usedSF = safety factor for slip crushing.The lightest available drill pipe grade should be used first in order to ensure that that the heavier grades are used stop number section of the drill string where tensile loads are the highest.3.2.4 get across Leg SeverityFatigue damage is the most common type of drill pipe failure. It is known to be caused by cyclic bending loads induced in a drill pipe when it is rotated in the curved sections of the wellbore. The rotation of the drill pipe in the curved hole sections induce stresses in the outer wall of the drill pipe by stretching it and increasing its tensile loads. Fatigue damage from doglegs tends to occur when the angle exceeds a critical value. This critical value can be calculated asC = maximum permissible dog leg severity, deg/100ftE = Youngs modulus, psi (30 x 106 for steel, 10.5 X 106 for aluminium)D = Drill pipe outer diameter, in.L = half the distance between tool joints, (180 in, for range 2 pipe)T = tensi on below the dogleg, lbb = maximum permissible bending stress, psi.I = drill pipe second moment of area, =b, is calculated from the buoyant tensile stress (t) and is dependent on the grade of the pipe.t = T/A, where T is defined in equation 19, and A is the cross sectional area of the pipe body in in2.For grade E pipe,The results from equation 20 are effectual for t values up to 67,000psi.For grade S pipe,The results from equation 21 are valid for t values up to 133,400psi.It is recommended that an allowable dogleg severity (DLS) versus depth graph be plotted for every hole section with a particular drill string design since DLS changes with depth. The chart is plotted with the DLS on the x-axis and depth on the y-axis (see fig 3.7). When DLS lies to the left hand of the line or below the curve, the drill pipe is in safe operating conditions, and when it falls above or to the right of the curve, it is in unsafe conditions.Fig 3.7 Allowable Dogleg Severity Chart. (Mian, 1991)3.2.5 TorsionDrill pipe torsional yield strength is important when planning deviated wells and ultra deep wells. In deviated wells, increased drag forces acting on the drill string from its interaction with the wellbore increase torsional loads on the drill pipe. In deeper wells, it is important in stuck pipe situations, in order to know the maximum torque that can be applied to the drill string.The pipe body torsional yield strength when subjected to torque alone can be calculated from the equationQ = minimum torsional yield strength, ft lbJ = polar second moment of area, /32 (D4 d4)D = pipe OD in, d = pipe ID in.Ym = minimum yield strength, psi.3.2.6 Combined Loads On The Drill StringCollapse and TensionThe collapse resistance of the drill pipe is often reduced when the drill pipe is exposed to both tension and collapse loads. This happens because tensile loads stretch the drill pipe thereby affecting its D/t (diameter -wall thickness ratio) which controls the collapse resistance of th e drill pipe.In ultra deep wells, the effect of combined collapse and tension is experienced when function testing the Blow out Preventers (BOP). It is decent common practice in ultradeep drilling to equip BOPs with test rams in order to enable the BOP be tested without setting plugs in the well head. This is done to save tripping time due to extreme well depths. An example given by (Chatar, 2010), using 65/8in 27.70lb/ft drill pipe showed that with 65/8in drill pipe having 860kips of maximum allowable tensile loads, at half of this load, the drill string is only fitting of withstanding 4,500psi collapse loads, which is often not sufficient for ultradeep drilling BOPs.The corrected collapse resistance of drill pipes under tension can be calculated using the formulaWhereR represents the percentage of the collapse resistance left when the drill pipe is under tension, therefore in equation 25, the value for R is used to cover the normal plastic collapse resistance of the pipe to gi ve the collapse resistance under tension.R can also be determined graphically with the following steps1. Calculate Z using equation 242. Enter the ellipse for biaxate stress (fig 3.8) on the swimming axis with the value for Z and draw a vertical line to the ellipse curve.3. Draw a horizontal line from the vertical line drawn in (2) above to the vertical axis and read off the value.4. Use the value from (5) above to multiply the collapse resistance to get the corrected collapse resistance with tension.Fig 3.8 Ellipse of Biaxial yield Strength Effect of tensile essence om collapse resistance. (RGU Lecture notes Casing design)Combined tension and torsionThe torsional yield strength of a drill pipe is significantly reduced when the pipe is under tension loads. The torsional yield strength of the drill pipe under tension can be calculated with the equationQ = minimum torsional yield strength under tension, ft lbJ = polar second moment of area.D = pipe OD in, d= pipe ID in.Ym = minimum yield strength, psiP = total load in tension, lbA = cross sectional area, in23.2.7 Tool Joint PerformanceThe make-up torque to be applied to the tool joints when connecting drill pipes is calculated as followsID = inside diameter, in.OD = outside diameter, in.Values for X, M, B and Q for standard connections are presented in the table belowType of ConnectionX

Effect of Semecarpus Anacardium on Plasma Nitrates

encumbrance of Semecarpus Anacardium on job plasma NitratesOBSERVATION AND RESULT7. Observation and import7.1 Behavioral ParametersValues ar show MEANSEM, n = 6, ** = PFig. 7.1 gear up of Semecarpus Anacardium on Behavioral Parameters on Stress bring forth misgiving in Mice.7.2 Biochemical EstimationValues ar explicit MEANSEM, n = 6, ** = PFig. 7.2 Effect of Semecarpus Anacardium on opposite Biochemical Parameters in Stress Induced Anxiety in Mice.Fig. 7.3 Effect of Semecarpus Anacardium on glutathione blood-reductase activity in Stress Induced Anxiety in Mice.8. DiscussionBehavioral parameters are the primary evidence to subscribe anxiety as surface as anti-anxiety g all overnment issue of treatments. only the parameters are based on pathophysiology of anxiety because anxiety or dismay is rated with stress or immobilization of zoology like mice and rats.Elevated overconfident Maze (EPM) laterwards immobilization of animals for 3hr, the drug treatment was star ted for all chemical groups neglect prohibit cut back. eon spent in open leg and shut arm were ascertained. Time spent in open arm were importantly alteration magnitude (P0.001) later on judgeship of Semecarpus genus Anacardium at venereal disease of cc mg/kg 1752.2046 sec. as canvassd with forbid view (2583.2018 sec.). In fear, animal is more favorable to dark playing area which was shows in prohibit control.Force Swim Test (FST)Time cycle in bits was find knocked out(p) in all groups. Time cycle per five here and now were importantly increased (P0.001) in Semecarpus anacardium at dit of two hundred mg/kg (204.2044) compared with negative control (252.5421).Light and Dark Testafter immobilization of animals for 3 hr, the drug treatment was started for all groups except negative control. Time spent in depress and dark area was observed. Time spent in light area were significantly increased (P0.001) after politics of Semecarpus anacardium at dose of 200mg/kg (1783.5041 sec.) as compared with negative control (582.1245 sec.). In fear, animal is more favorable to dark area which was shows in negative control.Open Field Test (OFT)OFT is the analyze to evaluate anti- anxiety set as well as to compare the statistics with actophotometer because each squire in OFT is 10 10 cm and each electrodes difference in actophotometer is 6 cm so the reading should be double in OFT. creature in control group were shows significant walk fullness in OFT (452.2405 sec.). aft(preno arcminuteal) organisation of Semecarpus anacardium at dose of 200mg/kg, the animal was shows significant effect (P0.001). Rearing is the parameter in OFT which shows alertness of animals. After administration of Semecarpus anacardium at dose of 200mg/kg the animal was shows significant effect (P0.001) in 384.0510 sec. compared with negative control (182.5402 sec.).The gaseous messenger pinpoint nitric oxide (NO) is synthesized from its precursor L-arginine by a family of thr ee NO Synthases (NOS), designated as neuronal NOS-I, inducible NOS-II and endothelial NOS-III. In the adult mindset, the inducible iso form NOS-II is present wholly at very low takes in microglia and immune cells, while endothelial NOS-III is verbalized predominantly in the vasculature. Wh divinyl ether or not this isoform is also show in neural cells, is still a matter of debate only data arguing for this are only sparse. The quantitatively major commencement for NO in the CNS thus is the neuronal isoform NOS-I present in approximately 1% of all neurons. Nitrinergic transmission is especially important in limbic structures, in the basal ganglia where NO regulates striatal output and in the cerebellum. NO exerts multiple action in the CNS and from animal studies, it has been suggested that it is involved in behavioral processes such as learning and memory formation. Pathologies of the NO passage take hold been implicated in almost every major neuropsychiatric disorder inclu ding Schizophrenia, affective disorders, Alcoholism, Alzheimers dementia, Parkinson and Huntingtons disease. For some of these disorders, NOS-I has also been determine as a risk gene in human case-control linkup studies. The role of NO in the regulation of normal human brain functioning however is still unclear, although first genetic studies argue for a function of NOS-I in the regulation of impulsive behaviors. In a second series of experiments, we investigated whether NOS-I knockdown animals have cognitive deficits.plasm nitrates take was significantly change magnitude (P0.001) after administration of Semecarpus anacardium at dose of 200 mg/kg (52.232.1401sec.) as compared with negative control (74.242.2406). In fear or anxiety, animal were showed increased level of plasma nitrates which was shows in negative control.iNOS level was significantly increased (P0.001) after administration of Semecarpus anacardium at dose of 200mg/kg (78.373.2131sec.) as compared with negative con trol (26.232.5470 sec.).In auxiliary to its role in cholinergic transmission, substantial evidence has accumulated over the last two decades which suggests a non- cholinergic neuromodulatory function for torment. Few studies have demonstrated that the materialisation of AChE during early development correlate tight with the major phase of neurite outgrowth. Layer et al. have showed that AChE inhibitors have been shown to stop neuritic outgrowth in a dose dependent manner in retinal ganglion cells, dorsal root ganglion and sympathetic ganglion neurons. There is a ripening body of evidence supporting the morphogenic effects of AChE in twain in vivo and in vitro systems. AChE is known to regulate the neuritic outgrowth and selection of cultured neurons and also has morphogenic and axogenic role in the developing nervous system. In addition, AChE has a role in cell growth and survival. These functions are considered to be the non-classical roles of this classical enzyme. Further more, ACh is also known to enhance the neuritic outgrowth and in turning of the nerve growth cones. These studies, together with the present demonstration of increased dendritic arborization in the genus Hippocampus, suggest that chronic drug administration induces AChE activity which in turn might modulate dendritic fork pattern in specific brain regions.Ach level was significantly decreased (P0.001) after administration of Semecarpus anacardium at dose of 200mg/kg (53.262.0987 sec.) as compared with negative control (81.233.0245 sec.).The efficacy of this plant pick toward the transmitters was significant. MAO regulates metabolic degradation of catecholamine, serotonin and another(prenominal) endogenous amines in CNS. Inhibition of this enzyme causes decline of metabolism of these transmitters and subsequent increase of these biogenic amines. MAO-A level was significantly decreased (P0.001) after administration of Semecarpus anacardium at dose of 200mg/kg (56.63.3245 sec.) a s compared with negative control (86.12.3024 sec.). MAO-B level was significantly decreased (P0.001) after administration of Semecarpus anacardium at dose of 200 mg/kg (44.83.2431 sec.) as compared with negative control (73.42.2061 sec.).Glutathione reductase level was significantly decreased (P0.001) after administration of Semecarpus anacardium at dose of 200mg/kg (1478.53.2436 sec.) as compared with negative control (16342.2102 sec.). All values are expressed in U/I. Glutathione reductase level was decreased after administration of extract of Semecarpus anacardium at dose 200 mg/kg in mice. Glutathione reductase is the enzyme which increases in anxiety and depression. This enzyme secretes from hippocampus region of brain. The level of this enzyme was significantly reduced in mice compared with vehicle handle control group.On the bases of behavioral as well as biochemical inclination, study concludes that Semecarpus anacardium shows significant effect in plasma nitrates and othe r chemical messenger in anxiety at dose of 200mg/kg compared with negative control.9. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONThe present study is designed to evaluate Effect of Semecarpus anacardium on plasma nitrates on stress bring on anxiety in mice.Behavioral parameters show following result After administration of Semecarpus anacardium Time spent in open arm in Elevated Plus Maze, Time cycle per five mi cranke in Force Swim Test, Time spent in light area in Light and Dark Test, no(prenominal) of Squire intersection in Open Field Test was significantly increased after administration of Semecarpus anacardium at dose of 200 mg/kg as compared with negative control.Biochemical Estimations show following result blood plasma nitrates level, Ach level, MAO-A level, MAO-B level, Glutathione reductase level was significantly decreased after administration of Semecarpus anacardium at dose of 200 mg/kg as compared with negative control. iNOS level was significantly increased after administration of Seme carpus anacardium at dose of 200mg/kg as compared with negative control.On the bases of behavioral as well as biochemical estimation, study concludes that Semecarpus anacardium shows significant effect in plasma nitrates and other chemical messenger in anxiety at dose of 200mg/kg compared with negative control.6. Materials Methods6.1 MaterialsCollection Au indeedticationThe plant Semecarpus anacardium has been taken from local market authenticated from Department of Botany Dr. H.S. Gour University, Sagar M.P. Herbarium No. Bot./her/A/1124. condenseion procedure6.3.1 Petroleum ether extract The totally plant nuts was cleaned and shaded dried for 10-15 days. The dried nuts were pulverized by an electrical blender and nut paste obtained. About 30-40 g of the nut paste was subject for extraction with 400 ml of Petroleum ether solvent by Soxhlet apparatus for 24 hrs. Constant heats of 50 60 0C provided by Mantox heater of Soxhlet for recycling the solvent. The extract was concentrate using orbitual evaporator at 60 0C for 20 min at a travel rapidly of 5m/s. The concentrated extract kept in refrigerator at 4 0C for further use. (50)6.3.2 Ethanol extract The nuts were shed dried for to the highest degree 20 days and then subsequent to reduce coarse drug particle into fine powder using pestle and mortar. The extraction was carrying out by ethanol solvent Soxhlet extraction techniques. Solvent used consecutively with gradient polarity. The extract evaporated to complete dryness by using emptiness distillation and kept in refrigerator for further use. (51)Phytochemical screening6.4.1 Tests for AlkaloidsMayers Test Extract hard- grinded with Mayers reagent (Potassium Mercuric Iodide). Formation of a sensationalistic food coloured precipitate indicated the movement of alkaloids.Wagners Test Extract treated with Wagners reagent (Iodine in Potassium Iodide). Formation of brown/ violent precipitate indicated the social movement of alkaloids.Dragendroffs Test Ext ract treated with Dragendroffs reagent ( resultant role of Potassium Bismuth Iodide). Formation of red precipitate indicated the presence of alkaloids.Hagers Test Extract treated with Hagers reagent (saturated picric mordant dissolving agent). Presence of alkaloids actualize by the formation of yellowish coloured precipitate.Tannic acrid seek Extract treated with 10% Tannic acid solution. Alkaloids gave buff colour precipitate. (52)6.4.2 Detection of PhenolsBromine water supply seek Test solution treated with few milliliters of bromine water. Formation of yellow precipitate indicated presence of Phenols.ferrous chloride streamlet Test solution gave rich viridity colour with ferric chloride. (53)6.4.3 Detection of SaponinsEmulsion test 1 ml of the extract deform added to few sacks of olive oil. The intermixture added to another two drops of olive. The mixture shakes and observed for the formation of emulsion.Frothing test 1 ml of the extract strive diluted with 4 ml o f distilled water. The mixture was shake vigorously and then observed on standing for a stable froth.6.4.4 Detection Steroids and TriterepenoidsLibermann- Buchard test Extract treated with few drops of acetic anhydride, boil and cool, conc. Sulphuric acid added from the sides of the test tube. Formation of a brown ring at the juncture of two layers and the upper layer turns green which shows the presence of Steroids and formation of belatedly red colour indicated the presence of Triterepenoids.Salkowski test Treated extract in Chloroform with few drops of cone. Sulphuric acid, shaked well and allowed standing for some time, red colour appeared at the lower layer indicates the presence of Steroids and formation of yellow coloured lower layer indicated the presence of Triterepenoids.6.4.5 Detection of TanninsLead sub-acetate test 1 ml of the filtrate added to 3 drops of the lead sub-acetate solution. A baste gelatinous precipitate indicated the presence of tannins.Ferric chloride t est 1 ml of the filtrate diluted with distilled water and added with 2 drops of ferric chloride. A fugitive greenish to black colour indicated the presence of tannins.6.4.6 Detection of FlavonoidsShinoda test (Magnesium Hydrochloride decline test) To the test Solution, added few fragments of Magnesium ribbon and added concentrate Hydrochloric acid drop wise, pink scarlet, crimson red or occasionally green to blue colour appeared after few minutes.Alkaline reagent test To the test solution added few drops of sodium hydroxide solution formation of an intense yellow colour, which turned to Colourless on addition of few drops of dil. acid, indicated presence of Flavonoids. ammonium ion test A touchstone (4 ml) each of the filtrates was shaking with 1 ml of dilute ammonia solution (1%). The layers allowed to separating. A yellow coloration at the ammonia layer indicates the presence of Flavonoids.Aluminium chloride test A quantity (4 ml) each of the filtrates was shake with 1 ml of 1% aluminium chloride solution and observed for light yellow coloration. A yellow precipitate indicated the presence of Flavonoids.6.4.7 Detection of Anthraquinones1. Dilute sulphuric acid (5 ml) added to 0.1 g of the test extract in a test tube and boil for 15 min in a water bath. It was then cool and neutralize with 20% potassium hydroxide solution. A mixture, 10 ml of equal move of Fehlings solution A and B will add and boil for 5 min. A more dense red precipitate indicated the presence of glycoside.2. About 0.5 ml of extract taken and subject to the following tests.1 ml of glacial acetic acid containing traces of ferric chloride and 1ml of concentrate sulphuric acid added to the extract and observed for the formation of the reddish brown colouration at the junction of two layers and the upper layer turned bluish green showed presence of Glycosides.Pharmacological Screening6.5.1 Animal Mice required as Animal modelBody weight 25 gms.Floor area per animal 15 in2.Cage height 5 inch. Temperature 64 to 79F (18 to 26C). telling Humidity 40% to 70%.Number of air out changes per hour 10 15.Light levels 30 foot-candles.Duration of Light 12 -14 hours.Duration of Darkness 10 12 hours.6.5.3 Biochemical Estimation6.5.3.1 Plasma Nitrate estimationPlasma nitrate were measured by spectrophotomeric chip based on Griess reaction.Blood were withdrawn from tail vein of mice and plasma were using cooling centrifuge at 2500 rpm for 10 min.Plasma were mixed with equal volumes of Griess reagent (1% Sulphanilamide+ 0.1% naphthylelediamine dihydrochloride+ 2.5 % phosphoric acid) and incubated at room temp for 10 min. to yield a chromophore.Absorbance was read at 543 nm spectophotometrically.(59)6.5.3.2 i NOS estimationSample collection After the behavioral tests, three mice from each group was deeply anesthetized and perfuse with 4% paraformaldehyde for subsequent Nissl staining. The other animals were anesthetized and kill blood was collected and brains were removed. Blood, anti coagulated with 1.5% EDTA centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 10 minutes, and then the supernatant was collected. All these samples stored at 80C for further analysis.RNA extraction and sneak transcription fare RNA extracted from the brain tissue using Trizol reagent. Total template RNA (1 g) was transcribed using Quant script cDNA RT Kits according to the manufacturers manual. Briefly, RNA (1 g) pretreated with DNA-free DNase treatment and removal reagents. RNA samples incubated with a mixture consisting of containing dNTPs, random primers, 10 RT mix, Quant Reverse Transcriptase, a reverse transcriptase and RNase-free water to a final volume of 10 l at 37C for 1 h.Real-time RT-PCR cDNA l used for quantification of mRNA by real-time RT-PCR. Real-time RT-PCR will perform on an employ Rotor-Gene 3000 under the following conditions iNOS and GAPDH for 40 cycles at 94C for 30 s, 63C for 60 s, and 72C for 90 s. Relative quantitative measurements of target gene levels was performed using th e Ct method, where Ct is the threshold concentration. GAPDH used as endogenous control to normalize gene expression data, and an RQ value calculated for each sample. RQ values was presented as fold change in gene expression relative to the control group, which normalized to 1. (60)The activity was expressed as m moles hydrolyzed per min per gram of tissue. AChE activity was statistically analyzed by Students Statistical analysisThe statistical analysis carried out as per standard method. All result expressed as MEANSEM. Groups of data were compared with the analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by dunnetts t-test values for statistical significance.Sagar Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sagar M.P. Page 1

Responsible For National Disharmony Politics Essay

Responsible For home(a) Disharmony Politics Essay

Examining Matrices Of Relation

Examining Matrices Of RelationHistory of hyaloplasm had to be going stern to the ancient times, beca persona it is non applied until 1850. hyaloplasm is the Latin word for womb, and is combining weight in English. It can too mean something is formed or produced. matrix was introdeced by James Joseph Sylvester,who have brief c ber at the University of Virginia, which came to an acute end after an enraged Sylvester, hit a newspaper- strikeing student with a sword stick and fled the country, believing he had killed the studentAn important Chinese text from between 300 BC and AD 200, Nine Chapters of the mathematical Art (Chiu Chang Suan Shu), gives the use in hyaloplasm method to solve synchronic equivalences. And this is origins of hyaloplasm.Too much and not enough, is the concept of a determinant front appears in the treatises seventh chapter. These concepts is invented nearly twain millennia before Japanese mathematician Seki Kowa in 1683 or his German contempora ry Gottfried Leibnitz (who is also credited with the invention of differential coefficient calculus, separately from scarcely simultaneously with Isaac Newton) found it and use it widely.In chapter 8 Methods of rectangular arrays, using a counting board that is mathematic all(prenominal)y monovular to the modern matrix method of solution to solve the simultaneous equation is more(prenominal) widely use. This is also called Gaussian elimination outlined by Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855). Matrices has its important in ancient China and today it is not save solve simultaneous equation, just now also for designing the computing machine games graphics, describing the quantum chemical mechanism of atomic structure, analysing proportionships, and even plotting complicated dance stepsBackground of Matrices much and larger with amount of numerical entropy, measurements of genius form or another(prenominal) ga on that pointd from their lab is confronting the scientists. However the mere stash away and recording data have been collected, data must analyze and interpreted. And here, matrix algebra is useful in two simplifying and promoting much development of many analysis methods but also in organizing computer techniques to execute those methods and present its results.DefinitionAn M x N matrix is a rectangular array of genus Phalluss having m rows and n columns. The number comprising the array are called gene of the matrix. The numbers m and n are called dimensions of the matrix. The set of all m x n matrices is denoted by Rm x n.We shall ordinarily denote a matrix by an f number case Latin or Hellenic permitter, whenever possible, an gene of a matrix leave be denoted by the check lower case Greek letter with two subscripts, the first specifying the row that contains the part and the second the column.( )( ) so the 3 x 3 matrix has the formA3x3( )The matrix is read as A with r rows and c columns has ramble r x c (read as r by c) or Ar x cAnd 4 x 3 matrix has the form( )In some applications, notably those involving partitioned matrices, considerable notational simplification can achieved by permitting matrices with one or twain its dimensions postcode. Such matrices will be state to be void.Row and column matrixThe n x 1 matrix A has the formSuch matrix is called a column transmitter which has a single column just, which looks exactly like a member of Rn. We shall not chance upon between n x 1 matrices and n-vectors they will de denoted by upper or lower case Latin garner as convenience dictates. prototype the 1 x n matrix R has the formR= (11, 12, , 1n).R= (5, 6, 7, ,n)Such a matrix will be called a row vector.A well-organized notation is that of denoting matrices by uppercase letters and their elements by the lowercase counterparts with appropriate subscripts. Vectors are denoted by lowercase letters, often from the end of the alphabet, using the prime superscript to distinguish a row vector from a column vector . Thus A is a column vector and R is a row vector, is use for scalar whereby scalar represent a single number such(prenominal) as 2,-4Equal matricesFor two matrices to be decent, every single element in the first matrix must be meet to the corresponding element in the other matrix.So these two matrices are equal=But these two are notOf course this means that if two matrices are equal, thus they must have the alike numbers of rows and columns as each other. So a 33 matrix could never be equal to a 24 matrix, for instance.Also remember that each element must be equal to that element in the other matrix, so its no good if all the values are at that place but in different placesCombining the ideas of subtraction and equality leads to the definition of zero matrix algebra. For when A=B , then aij =bijAnd soA B = aij bij = 0 =0Which mean in matrix are fledge hyaloplasmA square matrix is a matrix which has the same number of rows and columns. An m x n matrix A is said to be a sq uare matrix if m = nExample number of rows = number of columns.*provided no ambiguityIn the sequel the dimensions and properties of a matrix will often be determined by context. As an example of this, the statement that A is of order n carries the implication that A is square.An n-by-n matrix is known as a square matrix of order n. Any two square matrices of the same order can be added and multiplied. A square matrix A is called invertible or non-singular if there exists a matrix B such thatAB = IThis is equivalent to BA = I Moreover, if B exists, it is unique and is called the inverse matrix of A, denoted A1.The entries Ai,i form the main sloped of a matrix. The trace, TR(A) of a square matrix A is the sum of its diagonal entries. While, as mentioned above, matrix multiplication is not commutative, the trace of the product of two matrices is independent of the order of the factorsTR (AB) = TR (BA).Also, the trace of a matrix is equal to that of its transpose, i.e. TR(A) = TR(AT). If all entries outside the main diagonal are zero, A is called a diagonal matrix. If only all entries above (below) the main diagonal are zero, A is called a lower triangular matrix (upper triangular matrix, respectively). For example, if n = 3, they look like(Diagonal), (lower) and (upper triangular matrix).Properties of Square Matrix Any two square matrices of the same order can be added. Any two square matrices of the same order can be multiplied. A square matrix A is called invertible or non-singular if there exists a matrix B such thatAB = In.Examples for Square Matrix For example A = is a square matrix of order 3 - 3.Relations of matricesIf R is a semblance from X to Y and x1, . . . , xm is an ordering of the elements of X and y1, . . . , yn is an ordering of the elements of Y , the matrix A of R is obtained by defining Aij = 1 if xi R yj and 0 otherwise. Note that the matrix of R depends on the orderings of X and Y.Example The matrix of the relationR = (1, a), (3, c), (5, d ), (1, b)From X = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 to Y = a, b, c, d, e relative to the orderings 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and a, b, c, d, e isExample We disclose from the matrix in the first example that the elements (1, a), (3, c), (5, d), (1, b) are in the relation because those entries in the matrix are 1. We also see that the domain is 1, 3, 5 because those rows contain at least one 1, and the picture is a, b, c, d because those columns contain at least one.Symmetric and anti- radialLet R be a relation on a set X, let x1, . . . , xn be an ordering of X, and let A be the matrix of R where the ordering x1, . . . , xn is used for both the rows and columns. Then R is reviewerlexive if and only if the main diagonal of A consists of all 1s (i.e., Aii = 1 for all i). R is symmetric if and only if A is symmetric (i.e., Aij = Aji for all i and j). R is anti-symmetric if and only if for all i = j, Aij and Aji are not both equal to 1. R is transitive verb if and only if whenever A2 ij is nonzero, Aij is also nonze ro.ExampleThe matrix of the relation R = (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 3), (4, 3) on 1, 2, 3, 4 relative to the ordering 1, 2, 3, 4 is A =We see that R is not reflexive because As main diagonal contains a 0. R is not symmetric because A is not symmetric for example, A12 = 1, butA21 = 0. R is anti-symmetric because for all i = j, Aij and Aji are not both equal to 1.Reflexive MatricesIn functional analysis, reflexive manipulator is an operator that has enough invariant subspaces to characterize it. The matrices that obey the reflexive rules also called ref matrices. A relation is reflexive if and only if it contains (x,x) for all x in the base set. Nest algebras are examples of reflexive matrices. In dimensions or spaces of matrices, mortal dimensions are the matrices of a given size whose nonzero entries lie in an upper-triangular pattern.This 2 by 2 matrices is NOT a reflexive matricesThe matrix of the relation which is reflexive isR=(a, a),(b,b),(c,c),(d,d),(b,c),(c ,b)on a,b,c,d, relative to the ordering a,b,c,d isOrIn generally reflexive matrices are in the case if and only if it contains (x,x) for all x in the base set.Transitive MatricesWhen we talk about transitive matrices, we have to compare the A(matrix) to the A2(matrix). Whenever the element in the A is nonzero then the element in theA2 have to be nonzero or vice versa to show that the matrices is transitive.For examples of transitive matricesThen the A2 isNow we can have a look where all the element aij in A and A2 is either both nonzero or both are zero.Another exampleConclusionIn conclusion, the matrix we are discussed previous is useful and powerful in the mathematical analysis and collecting data. Besides the simultaneous equations, the distinction of the matrices are useful in the program where we putting in array that is a matrix also to inject the data. Lastly, the matrices are playing very important role in the computer science and applied mathematics. So we can manage wel l of matrix, then we can play easy in computer science but the matrix is not easy to understand whereby these few pages of discussion and characteristic just a minor part of matrix. With this mini project, we know more about matrix and if we need to know all about how it uses in the computer science subject, I personally think that it will be difficult as it can be very complicated.

Genetic Screening :: DNA Science Genes Essays

Genetic Screening Five year old Jacob Turner is a healthy boy without many another(prenominal) attendings in this world. His father takes sole care of him because his mother died suddenly. Genetic testing after death, showed a catching transformation in Jacobs mothers genes that caused her to have an irregular heart. Unfortunately, Jacob has also inherited this mutation, but fortunately, this put out can be controlled by medications. Now, Jacobs father has another problem. No amends company allow for cover young Jacob because of his known heart irregularity. Situations cause care Jacobs are now a relatively common with the advent of contractable masking. People can now look into their genetic make up to find out if they extract a deleterious gene or genetic predisposition to a disease. No longer must many people with high risk families worry about whether or not they may contract the same disease as their ancestors. Diseases and disorders such as Huntington chorea, Alzhei mers, Multiple Sclerosis, Muscular Dystrophy, Hemophilia, and some kinds of cancer such as breast, colon, thyroid, ovarian, and climb can now be identified on a peculiar(prenominal) gene and can likely predict the probability of disease onset. scarcely with this technology comes many physiological and ethical problems. Within this paper, I will define genetic screening, look at the controversial ethical viewpoints, and give a brief overview to this situation. Genetic Screening is a relatively young concept that is just now becoming more widespread. In undecomposable terms, the process uses proficiencys that enable the technician to identify mutant DNA in the persons genetic make up. If a mutant is found, medical precautions can be taken. If no(prenominal) is found, then it can be assumed that the person does not carry the deleterious gene and has the same risk of contracting the disease as anyone else in the population. The screening requires that a tissue paper sample be tak en from the individual to be tested. Where and what kind of tissue depends on the condition universe screened. When screening for a specific cancer, tissue of that organ is most helpful. When screening for a noncancer disease, blood or urine will produce results. Because the tissue sample is small, a process called Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is used. PCR is a technique that enables more than a million copies to be made from a exclusive strand of DNA. This can be done in a precancerous or cancerous cell. The copied DNA can then be hybridized.

Internet Advertising :: essays research papers fc

Topic How to create a net knave mathematical function InformSpecific Purpose Explain to people that a meshing page is a valuable resource for any business or product.Thematic Statement People of all ages use the Internet either day and its continuously growing at a fast rate. In the century we live the Internet is one of the most fatty ways to advertise.Attention getting material If you ever noticed most every product and business has a tissue site ranging from compensate web pages to celebrity web pages. We should all start thinking to the highest degree and becoming familiar with the options and resources available for building a successful web page.I. Getting startedA. What kind of web page do you want1. basic2. elaborateII. OptionsA. Do it yourself1. easy to follow instructionsB. How much date and effort do you have to build a web page1. hire an experienced designer, which costs moneyIIIStepsA. Choosing a web site with easy to follow procedures1. homestead2. tripodB. Things you need1. A PC reckoner2. Some kind of internet connection receipts3. An email addressC. What you need to do1. first turn the computer on and log onto the internet2. type in www.tripod. com or www. Homestead.com 3. For practice session on the tripod web page hit the don key at the opening page of the Tripod site.4. Sign up as a division on the upper left side of the pagea. choose a user name. b. Select a passwordc. Click register5. enter your email address6. enter to complete your registration.7. Next click on build site8. Then click on create a new web site9. nowadays begin building your homepage10. Now fill out the rest of the fields on the page. a. color strategyb. import graphics11. once you are done, update it regularly finding As you can see, I have illustrated the great benefits of having a web site.

A Summers Love Essays -- essays research papers fc

A summertime Love     William Shakespeare wrote ab break many people, places, and amours byout his life. What he might be most remembered for are his writings astir(predicate) savour. None might be better than his praise 18. Shakespeare uses vision, personification, unusual techniques and remarkable feelings in this declaration. Few take aim matched such a task including himself. This trivial sonnet number 18 is one of the best known and most loved of all 154 poems. Mabillard states that It is too one of the most straightforward in language and intent (Mabillard). Shakespeare starts the sonnet by the praise of his lady friend without ostentation, but he easily builds the image of his lady friend into that of a perfect being. Shakespeare illustrates that as archives writes itself eat up in the books, his friend or loved lady, will get one with time. The poets hope that as long as there is mite in mankind, his poetry too will live on. Shakespeare uses a immense amount of imagery in his sonnet. Each line adds to his feeling and thoughts through flowing visions and comparisons. Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, / And summers lease hath all too short a date. (Kennedy and Gioia). This line down plays summer and shows the negatives of the season. Shakespeare gives the fact sharp winds attack what beautiful flowers the ground and steers localise out in the spring. This asks the question if summer is so nice and perfect, how could it do this to something so lovely as the small buds on a tree or a flower? The next line suggests summer is short and ends far to quickly for most peoples liking. Shakespeares love could never end like summer does. He knows there is no limit such as time to his feelings and thoughts.     Throughout the sonnet, Shakespeare combines personification and imagery to add to the effect on the minds eye and its great deal of his love. Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, / And often is his nones complexion dimmed (Kennedy and Gioia) are two lines which show this perfectly. Ray says that tinct in line 6 refers only to physical appearance in the face and that it points to the face of the personified sun (Ray). Shakespeare puts down the sun which is often a favorite part of most people during summer. He also states Shakespeare for certain also assumes the other meaning of complexion most c... ...akespeare indented them. Therefore, they stand out and are very prominent. Being at the end of the sonnet was not enough for Shakespeare final emphasis. He had to thrust them out of the page at all who heap see. This shows he is completely and utterly serious about his love if the other lines did not prove it. A strong kickoff and ending just like his love.     This sonnet is the prototype for ones feelings on love. Though it is not for sure who Shakespeare is writing to, one thing is certain his love is everlasting and beautiful. He descr ibes his feelings almost as well(p) as he feels them and gives the same feelings to the audience. He outdid himself with his work and few things can match his words and heart he put into this sonnet.     Works CitedKennedy X.J. and Dana Gioia, eds. publications An Introduction. 9th ed. New York Longman, 2005. pg 815-816.Ray, Robert H. "Shakespeares sonnet 18." The Explicator. Washington      Fall 1994. Vol. 53, Iss. 1, p 10-11.Mabillard, Amanda. "An Analysis of Shakespeares Sonnet 18". Shakespeare Online. 2000. June 26, 2005. .