Communication: Theory, Forms and Parameters

colloquy surmise, Forms and ParametersRINSON MAMMENTHEORIES FORMS AND PARAMETERS OF COMMUNICATIONTheories of dialogueActor-Nedeucerk opening suggests that human and non-human f instruments be equ in ally influential in the success of technological innovation and scientific receiveledge-creation. The theory nerves at how networks argon formed and how these networks contri plainlye to these successes. It suggests that no whizz some unmatchable or thing is solely responsible for these advancements. thitherfore, both an actor and a network be responsible for achieving these outcomes.Adaptive Structuration scheme (AST) Groups and organizations make deal rules and resources which argon outlined as structures. These structures form accessible systems which develop a life of their own. The quality of the structure affects decision making, and decisions also affect the structure. order of condescension Setting Theory Agenda Setting Theory states that mass media organizations r eckon what the general population considers newsworthy by deciding how much guardianship a news story receives. The term salience transfer is commonly economic consumptiond and refers to the ability of the media to transfer their agendas onto the common.cognitive Dissonance Theory Cognitive Dissonance is the psychological scrap that results from holding two contradictory or incompatible beliefs or attitudes. For subject, mavin great deal like a soulfulness, but disapprove of their habits. The theory suggests that a person looks for balance in their beliefs. Therefore, in order to reduce dissonance, one will avoid hearing debate viewpoints or change their beliefs to match their performances.communicating Accommodation Theory Communication Accommodation Theory describes when throng accommodate or adjust their converse way of lifes to former(a)s. These changes in verbal and nonverbal styles are done by dint of two ways divergence and convergence. Divergence is using upd to highlight group identity operator through touting the differences of the group they identify with. Divergence is often calld by groups with strong ethnic or racial pride. Convergence is used much than often by function little individuals for social approval and focuses on interconnected the conference styles of the person with whom they are cosmos speaking to. purification Theory kitchen-gardening Theory argues media shapes a persons sense of reality. Because many acquire in constitution through mediated sources sooner than direct experience, their world view becomes influenced by these sources. For example, Cultivation Theory suggests that people who would be defined as heavy telly viewers see the world as to a greater extent violent that it genuinely is.Face Negotiation Theory Face Negotiation Theory highlights conflict style differences surrounded by collectivist and individualistic cultures. Collectivist cultures place valuate on the group and therefore adopt a conflict style of avoiding or integrating to give others mutual face. Individualistic cultures place prise on the individual and in an attempt to protect self-face, they adopt a dominating conflict style.Hypodermic chevvy Theory The Hypodermic Needle Theory, also known as the magic bullet theory, says the media has a regnant and direct effect on auditory senses by injecting them with contents. The Hypodermic Needle Theory no longer carries the respect it once did since its the true was put in to be questionable.Muted Group Theory Muted Group Theory states that because spoken language is man-made women remain reduced and excluded. Because delivery and norms fool been created by men, women are disadadvantaged in public. As women become less muted and more vocal, the dominant position of males in society will diminish.Social rally Theory Social Exchange Theory posits an economic exchange for in interpersonal relationships. Meaning, the relationships is enhanced by satisfyin g individually others self-centeredness. In this theory, self-interest is not regarded as a bad thing, but rather as a plan that builds the relationship.Social nurture Theory Social Learning Theory argues that people learn from each other through observing, imitating, and model the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others. Social learning theory explains how human behavior asshole be shaped by continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral, an surroundal influences.Social Penetration Theory Social Penetration Theory looks at how superficial relationships evolve to intimate relationships. The theory states it is a sluggish evolution due primarily to self-disclosure between parties. further, while this self-disclosure can be effective in creating intimate relationships, it can also leave one or more persons vulnerable.Standpoint Theory Standpoint Theory claims that each person is seated in a different rank among the social hierarchy. Because of this, each person views the social climate from a different vantage point, which only provides a small look at the social whole. But the theory also claims that those who are lower on the social fall apart tend to have a greater rendering of the social whole, rather than those higher up. emblematical Interactionism Theory Symbolic Interaction Theory suggests that the concept of self is created by terzetto principles 1) Meaning that we act towards and things according to the meanings we check to them. 2) Language that we negotiate meaning through symbols. 3) Thought that thought modifies our interpretations. Symbolic interactionism implies that without converse there would be no self concept.Theory of intend Behavior (TPB) Theory of Planned Behavior is the same as Theory of wakeless Action in that it says personal attitudinal judgments and social-normative considerations influence a persons intentions to perform a behavior, but TPB adds a third particle perceived behavioral c ontrol. This element being the perception of how easy or difficult it is to perform the behavior.Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) Theory of Reasoned Action looks at how behaviors can be influenced by influencing a persons intentions. TRA states that two main factors tell a person whether or not to perform a behavior 1) personal attitudinal judgments the evaluation of the action and, 2) social-normative considerations what one believes others think they should do.Uncertainty reduction Theory Uncertainty Reduction Theory states that when strangers meet, their primary goal is to reduce levels of uncertainty. Uncertainty meaning, being incertain of how to behave (or how the other person will behave), and unsure of what to think of the other person. For example, if they like the person or do not like the person. gibe to this theory, they will use communication to reduce this uncertainty.Uses and Gratifications Theory The Uses and Gratifications Theory assumes audiences actively seek o ut media to satisfy individual needs. With this assumption, the Uses and Gratifications Theory looks to answer three questions what do people do with the media, what are their underlying motives for apply express media, and what are the pros and cons of this individual media useDifferent Forms of CommunicationVerbal Communication Verbal communication admits sounds, words, language and speaking. Language is said to have originated from sounds and gestures. There are many languages spoken in the world. The basis of language formation are gender, class, profession, geographical area, age group and other social elements. utter is an effective way of communicating and is again classified into two types videlicet interpersonal communication and public speaking.Good verbal communication is an subjective part of agate line communication. In a caper, you come across people from various ages, cultures and races. Fluent verbal communication is requirement, to deal with people in busin ess meetings. Also, in business communication self-confidence plays a lively role which when clubbed with fluent communication skills can lead to success.Public speaking is another verbal communication in which you have to address a group of people. Preparing for an effective speech before you start is important. In public speaking, the speech must(prenominal) be prepared according to the type of audience you are going to face. The content of your speech should be au hencetic and you must have enough information on the topic you have chosen for public speaking. All the main points in your speech must be highlighted and these points should be delivered in the correct order. There are many public speaking techniques and these techniques must be practiced for an effective speech.Non-Verbal Communication Non-verbal communication involves physical ways of communication, like, tone of the voice, touch, smell and body motion. Creative and esthetic non-verbal communication includes singi ng, music, dancing and sculpturing. Symbols and sign language are also include in non-verbal communication. Body language is a non-verbal way of communication. Body intensity level and physical contact convey a lot of information. Body speciality matters a lot when you are communicating verbally to someone. Folded arms and cover legs are some of the signals conveyed by a body posture. Physical contact, like, agitate hands, pushing, patting and touching expresses the feeling of intimacy. Facial expressions, gestures and eye contact are all different ways of communication. Reading seventh cranial nerve expressions can help you know a person better.Written Communication Written communication is write material the words which you want to communicate. Good written communication is essential for business purposes. Written communication is practiced in many different languages. E-mails, reports, articles and memos are some of the ways of using written communication in business. The written communication can be edited and amended many generation before it is communicated to the chip party to whom the communication is intended. This is one of the main advantages of using writing as the major means of communication in business activity. Written communication is used not only in business but also for versed communication purposes. Mobile SMS is an example of informal written communication.Visual communication The last type of communication is the ocular communication. Visual communication is visual display of information, like topography, photography, signs, symbols and designs. Television and painting clips are the electronic form of visual communication.Effective communication is essential for the success of any type of business. Informally too, nothing can be achieved without proper communication. Therefore, developing communicative skills is a must. One must understand that all the four types of communication are equally important and one must develop com municative skills in all the mediums. Communicative media is development day by day to ensure clarity and to eliminate the ambiguity in communication.Different Parameters in communicationMany definitions describe communication as a transfer of information, thoughts or ideas to create shared intelligence between a sender and a receiver. The information may be written or spoken, professional or social, personal or achromatic to name a few possibilities. rudimentaryally, the communication process involves a sender, receiver, kernel, parentage and feedback. However, this simplistic interpretation importantly under-represents what can actually be a very labyrinthine process. Click here for a brief overview of the communication process.Essential issues to be aware of in any communication plaza are substance refers to the actual words or symbols of the message that are known as language the spoken and written words unite into phrases that make grammatic sense. Importantly, we all use and interpret the meanings of words differently, so even unsubdivided messages can be misunderstood. And many words have different meanings to cast the issue even more.Process refers to the way the message is delivered the nonverbal elements in speech such as the tone of voice, the look in the senders eyes, body language, hand gestures and state of emotions (anger, fear, uncertainty, confidence, etc.) that can be detected. The non-verbals that we use often cause messages to be misunderstood as we tend to believe what we see more than what we hear. Indeed, we often trust the accuracy of nonverbal behaviors more than verbal behaviors. A well-known UCLA study found that only approximately 7% of the meaning of spoken communication came from words alone, 55% came from facial expression and 38% came from the way the words were said.linguistic context refers to the situation or environment in which your message is delivered. Important contextual factors that can subtly influence t he effectiveness of a message include the physical environment (eg. a patients bedside, ward office, fluent room etc.), pagan factors (e.g. international cultures, organizational cultures and so on) and developmental factors (e.g. first, second or third grade student, experience in similar clinical settings, stage of the practicum etc.).The goal of communication between a sender and a receiver is understanding of the message being sent. Anything that interferes with this can be referred to as reverberate. Communication stochasticity can influence our interpretation of messages and significantly affect our perception of interactions with others. Many definitions describe communication as a transfer of information, thoughts or ideas to create shared understanding between a sender and a receiver. The information may be written or spoken, professional or social, personal or impersonal to name a few possibilities. Basically, the communication process involves a sender, receiver, mes sage, channel and feedback. However, this simplistic description significantly under-represents what can actually be a very complex process. Click here for a brief overview of the communication process.Essential issues to be aware of in any communication situation areContent refers to the actual words or symbols of the message that are known as language the spoken and written words combined into phrases that make grammatical sense. Importantly, we all use and interpret the meanings of words differently, so even simple messages can be misunderstood. And many words have different meanings to confuse the issue even more.Process refers to the way the message is delivered the nonverbal elements in speech such as the tone of voice, the look in the senders eyes, body language, hand gestures and state of emotions (anger, fear, uncertainty, confidence, etc.) that can be detected. The non-verbals that we use often cause messages to be misunderstood as we tend to believe what we see more tha n what we hear. Indeed, we often trust the accuracy of nonverbal behaviors more than verbal behaviors. A well-known UCLA study found that only around 7% of the meaning of spoken communication came from words alone, 55% came from facial expression and 38% came from the way the words were said.Context refers to the situation or environment in which your message is delivered. Important contextual factors that can subtly influence the effectiveness of a message include the physical environment (eg. a patients bedside, ward office, quiet room etc.), cultural factors (eg. international cultures, organisational cultures and so on) and developmental factors (eg. first, second or third year student, experience in similar clinical settings, stage of the practicum etc.).The goal of communication between a sender and a receiver is understanding of the message being sent. Anything that interferes with this can be referred to as noise. Communication noise can influence our interpretation of messa ges and significantly affect our perception of interactions with othersBasic parameters of the communication system. a) Bandwidth b) direct Power c) Signal to Noise proportiona) BandwidthBandwidth is defined as the range of frequencies required to represent original signal in time domain. This is the simplest definition of bandwidth.As being engineer well use more technical definition of bandwidth which is - A ring of frequencies that falls in the amplitude of first and last by 3dB and 70% of energy left. several(prenominal) important points relating bandwidth are-i) Rate of Transmission of information is directly proportional to bandwidth i.e wider the bandwidth more data will flow .ii) With wider bandwidth, there are less collisions and errors are minimum.iii) The bandwidth is chosen after detailed analysis which is enough for data to be transmitted.This precaution is taken to avoid addition of noise since with the wider bandwidth thermic noise increases. Hence thermal noise i s directly proportional to bandwidth.b) Transmit PowerAs the name suggests that it is the big businessman required for transmission. Transmission power plays an important role due to its duality.The increase in transmission power reduces the noise. Secondly information is transmitted more accurately and precisely.Usually binary program (0,1) level transmission is done just to save transmission power. For example if we are going to transmit 4 bits of information within 2 levels, 2 bits will be transmitted in one impulsion width hence bandwidth will be two pulses.Suppose we transmit this in 4 levels , one pulse having one bit then transmit power will increase very fast which makes it more expensive system. Just to save transmission power and simplicity we use binary level at the expense of bandwidth.c) Signal to Noise Ratio The performance of the system is defined by signal power to noise power ratio.Let So is the signal output power and No is the noise output power thenSo/No,is kno wn as signal to noise ratio.The greater the signal power less the noise power affects and systems performance is better and vice versa.